College of Nepean Natural Therapeutics

19/06/2026

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The difference between Sapienter Si Sincere premium European Epsom salts and Australian Epsom Salts is in the filtration process, Sapienter is only filtered ONCE while Australian Epsom Salts is filtered 4-6 times.
You’re paying for a more concentrated form! 1kg bag of Sapienter will get u 10 baths yet the Australia. U will struggle to get 1-2 baths depending on the brand!

Muscle Relaxation: Dissolving Epsom salts in warm water releases magnesium and sulfate ions. Many people find that soaking in this solution helps soothe muscle soreness after exercise or a long day.

Skin Care: The salts can act as a gentle exfoliant when mixed with a small amount of oil or water, helping to soften dry skin.

Stress Relief: Taking a warm bath is a common ritual for relaxation, and adding salts can enhance the experience by creating a spa-like atmosphere at home.

19/06/2026

19/06/2026

1. Classification & Differential Diagnosis
Acute Vomiting (1 Week)
Gastrointestinal:
GERD
Peptic ulcer disease
Chronic pancreatitis
Gastroparesis
Chronic intestinal obstruction
Malabsorption syndromes
Hepatobiliary disease
Extra-Gastrointestinal:
CNS causes (Raised ICP, Tumors)
Endocrine disorders (Addison's, Thyroid)
Pregnancy
Psychogenic
Drugs (e.g., opioids, chemotherapy)
Uremia
2. Clinical Evaluation Workflow
Key History
Onset, duration, frequency
Relation with food
Associated symptoms (pain, fever, headache, vertigo, etc.)
Drug intake / Toxin exposure
Pregnancy status
Past history (DM, HTN, PUD, etc.)
Clinical Examination
General condition, hydration status
Vitals (pulse, BP)
Abdomen (tenderness, distension, masses, bowel sounds)
CNS examination
Look for signs of dehydration, jaundice, meningism
Basic Investigations
CBC (Complete Blood Count)
RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
Urea, Creatinine, Electrolytes
LFT (Liver Function Test)
Urine routine
Pregnancy test (if indicated)
ECG (if drug/toxin suspected)
3. Identifying the Cause (Targeted Workup)
Gastrointestinal: Stool routine, USG Abdomen, Endoscopy (if needed), Amylase / Lipase
CNS Causes: Neurological exam, CT / MRI Brain, Lumbar puncture (if meningitis suspected)
Metabolic / Endocrine: RBS, Ketones, Thyroid function test, Serum Calcium, Na
+
, K
+
, Cortisol (if Addison's suspected)
Pregnancy Related: Urine / Serum β-hCG, Electrolytes, Ketones
Drug / Toxin: Drug history, Toxin screen, Specific levels (e.g., digoxin, theophylline)
4. Management & High-Yield Facts
Management Principles
Treat underlying cause
Correct dehydration and electrolytes
Antiemetics (e.g., Ondansetron, Metoclopramide)
Nutritional support
Reassurance and follow-up
High-Yield Keywords for Exam Recall
Acute vomiting → Gastroenteritis, Food poisoning, DKA, Migraine, Pregnancy
Chronic vomiting → PUD, GERD, Gastroparesis, CNS causes, Pregnancy, Drugs
Core Strategy: Always think GI vs. Extra-GI

19/06/2026

1. Infectious (Acute) Sialadenitis

This side focuses on acute infections of the salivary glands, which can be viral or bacterial.
Primary Patient Demographics: * Viral (e.g., Mumps): Typically peaks in children under the age of 15.
Acute Bacterial: Primarily targets elderly patients, often related to dehydration or reduced salivary flow.
Gland Vulnerability: * The parotid gland is highly susceptible to bacterial infections.
Why? It secretes predominantly serous saliva, which lacks the same protective, antimicrobial properties found in the mucoid-rich saliva produced by other salivary glands (like the submandibular or sublingual glands).
Key Diagnostic Clue (Owl's Eye Inclusion): * When acute sialadenitis is caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV), histopathology reveals characteristic intranuclear "owl's eye" viral inclusions within the cells lining the salivary ducts.

2. Chronic Obstructive Sialadenitis (Sialolithiasis)

This side highlights chronic, mechanical obstructions within the salivary system, typically caused by salivary stones (calculi).
Primary Patient Demographics: * Chronic obstructive cases are most frequently diagnosed in adults between 30 and 50 years old.
Salivary Composition & Stone Formation: * The submandibular gland is the most common site for stone formation (sialolithiasis).
Why? Submandibular saliva naturally has a more alkaline pH and a higher concentration of minerals and calcium, creating an environment that heavily promotes the precipitation of stone-forming crystals.

18/06/2026

Why Engagement Matters

The "Share" Factor: Sending a post to a friend or sharing it to a Story is often weighted heavily by algorithms. It signals that the content is high-value enough for someone to put their own reputation behind it.

The Power of the Comment: Long comments (more than just an emoji) signal to platforms that the content is sparking a conversation. This keeps users on the app longer, which the platforms love.

Tagging Friends: This is the digital version of "word of mouth." It brings new eyes to the brand who might not have found it otherwise.

Answering Polls/Questions: Even a simple "Yes/No" click tells the algorithm you are an active participant, making it more likely that the business's next post will show up at the top of your feed.

Other Ways to Support for Free

Beyond what’s in the graphic, here are a few other "hidden" ways to help:

Save the Post: On platforms like Instagram, the "Save" button is often considered the most powerful metric. It tells the app the content is useful enough to revisit.

Watch Time: Simply watching a video all the way to the end (or multiple times) is a huge boost for visibility.

Leave a Review: If you've used their service or product in the past, a Google or Yelp review is permanent marketing that helps build trust with strangers.

Sign up for the Newsletter: Even if you don't buy anything today, being on an email list helps a business "own" their audience so they aren't 100% dependent on fickle social media algorithms.

18/06/2026

1. Achalasia
Pathophysiology: Loss of postganglionic inhibitory neurons (nitric oxide and VIP) in the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus. This leads to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax and a lack of peristalsis.
Presentation: Progressive dysphagia to both solids and liquids.
Key Diagnostics: * Barium Swallow: Classic "bird's beak" appearance.
Manometry (Gold Standard): Increased LES resting pressure and incomplete relaxation.
2. Distal Esophageal Spasm (DES)
Pathophysiology: Uncoordinated, simultaneous contractions of the distal esophagus due to impaired inhibitory neurotransmission.
Presentation: Intermittent chest pain that can closely mimic a myocardial infarction (angina-like), often triggered by cold liquids. Dysphagia is also common.
Key Diagnostics:
Barium Swallow: Classic "corkscrew esophagus" or "rosary bead" appearance.
Manometry: High-amplitude, simultaneous contractions.
3. Scleroderma Esophagus
Pathophysiology: Part of systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome). Smooth muscle atrophy and fibrosis lead to a weak, incompetent LES and lack of peristalsis in the lower 2/3 of the esophagus.
Presentation: Severe, refractory GERD, heart burn, and dysphagia.
Key Diagnostics:
Manometry: Decreased LES resting tone (unlike Achalasia) and decreased peristalsis.
Complication: Highly increased risk for Barrett's esophagus due to chronic acid exposure.
4. Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)
Pathophysiology: Chronic, immune/antigen-mediated allergic inflammatory condition. Highly associated with a history of atopy (asthma, eczema, food allergies).
Presentation: Food impaction, dysphagia, and heartburn that doesn't respond to standard antacid therapy (PPIs). Most common in young men.
Key Diagnostics:
Endoscopy: "Feline" esophagus (stacked concentric rings), linear furrows, or white exudates.
Biopsy: Distinctly elevated intraepithelial eosinophils (≥15 eosinophils/HPF).
5. Zenker Diverticulum
Pathophysiology: A false diverticulum (herniation of mucosa/submucosa only) through Killian’s triangle—a structural weakness between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
Presentation: Halitosis (foul-smelling breath from trapped food), regurgitation of undigested food, coughing/choking, and a neck mass. Most common in elderly males.
Key Diagnostics:
Barium Swallow: Clearly visualizes the pouching. Note: Avoid early endoscopy or NG tube placement due to risk of perforation.

18/06/2026

Thyroid & Cortisol-Related Signs
1. Exophthalmos: A forward protrusion of the eyeballs that is typically seen in Graves' disease.
2. Pretibial Myxedema: A non-pitting swelling located over the shins, also associated with Graves' disease.
3. Moon Face: A rounded facial appearance caused by fat redistribution, seen in Cushing's syndrome.
4. Buffalo Hump: A localized fat pad that develops over the upper back and neck, seen in Cushing's syndrome.
5. Purple Abdominal Striae: Wide, violaceous (purple) stretch marks on the abdomen, seen in Cushing's syndrome.
Metabolic, Calcium & Copper Disorders
6. Acanthosis Nigricans: Dark, velvety skin patches located in the neck or axilla (armpit) that indicate insulin resistance.
7. Chvostek Sign: A facial twitch triggered by tapping the facial nerve, which is seen in hypocalcemia.
8. Trousseau Sign: A carpal spasm (involuntary hand/wrist contraction) that occurs with blood pressure cuff inflation, seen in hypocalcemia.
9. Kayser–Fleischer Ring: A greenish ring around the cornea of the eye, which is a sign of Wilson's disease.
10. Delayed Relaxation of Ankle Reflex: A slow recovery of the Achilles reflex, seen in hypothyroidism.