25/12/2021
Types of Diabetes:
Diabetes is categorized into four major categories:
1. Type 1 diabetes: Autoimmune b-cell destruction is the reason for type 1 diabetes. It usually results in absolute insulin deficiency. Among the total number of people affected by diabetes, about 5-10% of them suffer type 1. Generally, Type1 diabetes affects the young age group e.g. children, teens, and young adults. The traditional standards of type 2 diabetes effecting only in adults and type 1 diabetes only in children which is not correct anymore; both can occur in both age groups. Type 1 diabetes-affected people need to take insulin every day to survive as the body is not able to produce enough insulin.
2. Type 2 diabetes: formerly called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset. It occurs as a result of a progressive loss of b-cell insulin secretion. In type 2 diabetes the body is able to make insulin. However, the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas is not enough, or the body is unable to utilize the insulin properly. Worldwide more than 95% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2021).
3. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): GDM is diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy among women who do not have diabetes before gestation.
4. Specific types of diabetes Other specific types of diabetes are:
i) Genetic defects in b-cell function
o HNF-4a (MODY 1)*
o Glucokinase (MODY 2)
o HNF-1a (MODY 3)
o IPF-1 (MODY 4)
o HNF-1b (MODY 5)
o NeuroD1 BETA 2 (MODY 6)
o Mitochondrial DNA
o Others
ii) Genetic defects in insulin action
o Type A insulin resistance
o Donohue syndrome (leprechaunism)
o RabsoneMendenhall syndrome
o Lipodystrophic diabetes
o Others
iii) Diseases of the exocrine pancreas
o Pancreatitis
o Trauma/pancreatectomy
o Neoplasia
o Cystic fibrosis
o Haemochromatosis
o Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes
o Others
iv) Endocrinopathies
o Cushing’s syndrome
o Acromegaly
o Glucagonoma
o Phaeochromocytoma
o Somatostatinoma
o Aldosteronoma
o Hyperthyroidism
o Others
v) Drug- or chemical-induced
o Pentamidine
o Nicotinic acid
o Glucocorticoids
o Thyroid hormone
o Diazoxide
o b-Adrenoceptor agonists
o Thiazides
o Clozapine
o Protease inhibitors
o Second-generation antipsychotic drugs
o Immune checkpoint inhibitors
vi) Infections
o Congenital rubella
o Cytomegalovirus
o Others
vii) Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes
o ‘Stiff man’ syndrome
o Anti-insulin receptor antibodies
o Others
viii) Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes
o Down’s syndrome
o Klinefelter’s syndrome
o Turner’s syndrome
o Wolfram’s syndrome
o Friedreich’s ataxia
o Others
MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young
Adapted from Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(Suppl 1): S62eS67.
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