02/04/2025
Minireview: The role of Iron in Bacterial Growth and Biofilm
Haya Friedman, Fe-Free
Many serious diseases result from antibiotic-resistant bacteria, like Prosthetic Join infection (PJI), Cystic Fibrosis (CF), or chronic wound infections. Recently, it was suggested that bacteria play an important role in colorectal cancer (El Tekle, Andreeva et al. 2024). One of the reason for persistent antibiotic-resistant infection is caused by a bacterial biofilm. The biofilm is a colony embedded in secretions of various molecules, creating a "shield" against the immune system and the pe*******on of antibiotics to the bacteria vicinity.
Bacteria as other organisms need iron for their metabolic processes. Iron exist in nature mainly as ores, but it also exist as Ferrous (Fe+2) or Ferric (Fe+3) ions. The concentration of free iron available for microbial use in natural environments is deficient and is around 1 × 10−18 mol/L, compared to the 1 × 10−6 mol/L required by most microbes. These ions in blood are attached to various low-molecular molecules (e.g., heme, glucan) or proteins (e.g., transferrin, ferritin). Iron can enter Gramnegative bacteria like P. aeruginosa by various mechanisms as seen in Figure 1 (Pandey 2023) and the predominant way is by production of Siderophores, small molecules with high affinity to Ferric ions. All the iron entry mechanisms requires the participation of a set of receptors and specialized transporters. For entry to occur, the siderophore-iron complexes or other iron complexes need to dock on the receptor(s). Our technology interferes with the docking and entry of iron into bacteria causing iron starvation.
Abbreviations: R = receptor; G = glucan; PBP = periplasmicbinding protein; EM =
extracellular moiety; OM = outer membrane; P = periplasm; CM = cytoplasmic membrane; C =
cytoplasm. FR=ferric reductase
Figure 1: Modes of iron entry into gram-negative bacteria from Shankar and Padeny 2023.
There are multiple studies showing that iron is necessary for bacterial biofilm survival and hence, iron starvation could be an effective approach to eradicating biofilms.
1. Iron is Essential for Biofilm Formation and Maintenance
Studies showed that a supplement of iron can induce biofilm and its depletion or replacement can prevent or reduce biofilm formation. The levels of iron in the lung of cystic fibrosis patients is very high (63M) (Berlutti, Morea et al. 2005). This high iron ions concentration most likely contribute to aggregation and biofilm formation since addition of to planktonic P. aeruginosa increased the number of cells in biofilm.
Gallium is a molecule similar to iron and its supply to bacteria can block ironrelated activity and also iron entry (Kaneko, Thoendel et al. 2007). Application of gallium to planktonic P. aeruginosa bacteria reduces their growth and increases detachment of cells from biofilm (Kaneko, Thoendel et al. 2007). In addition, desferrioxamine-gallium (DFO-Ga, a gallium attached to a siderophore) prevented the formation of biofilm of P. aeruginosa in-vitro and also reduced, together with Gentamycin, an eye infection in rabbit, indicating that iron which was replaced by gallium is necessary for bacterial growth (Banin, Lozinski et al. 2008).
The removal of iron by chelators like EDTA caused the reduction of P. aeruginosa biofilm and addition of iron restored the biofilm growth (Banin, Brady et al. 2006). In addition, depletion of iron by the iron-specific chelator 2, 2-dipyridyl (500M) (DPD) reduced biofilm production.
Based on the effect of iron depletion on biofilm reduction, a new drug, Halogenated phenazines (HPs) HP-29 has been developed. This drug chelates ferric ions and increases iron-absorption genes in bacteria (Naclerio and Sintim 2021). This drug reduced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Supporting the notion that all bacteria need iron for their survival.
2. Siderophores are Key Players in Biofilm Iron Acquisition
Siderophores are small versatile molecules, which have the capacity to bind iron ions. Siderophore are needed to bind ferric ions and enable their entry into the bacteria (Xie, Wei et al. 2024). The fact that many bacteria, as well as fungi, produce these molecules indicates that they fulfill an important role in pathogen growth and biofilm survival. For example, mutating the genes involved in siderophore production in Staphylococcus aureus reduced growth and virulence in-vivo (Dale, Doherty-Kirby et al. 2004).
3. Hypoferrmia- Innate Host Mechanism that Reduce Iron Levels upon Bacterial Infection
Multicellular organisms developed mechanisms that upon bacterial infection, immediately reduce iron levels in blood. Reducing iron levels hamper bacterial development (Ganz and Nemeth 2024). Hypoferrmia is achieved by Hepcidin-a hormone, controlling iron absorption from the gut.
Another innate iron reduction mechanism involves the iron binding protein transferrin. This protein can reduce bacterial and fungal infection in vivo (Lin, Pantapalangkoor et al. 2014).
To summarize, multitude of data indicate that iron is an essential nutrient for bacterial survival
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