Saifullah MediCate Near Super Bazar Khawaja Gilgit sopore Jammu and Kashmir (2026)

I am saifullah and I have done my b.pharma in rajasthan University and I am a registered pharmacist in khawaja Gilgit sopore if any body need any kind of help i am available 24×7

24/08/2022

Free delivery upto 500 and also 10%discount at saifullah medicate khawaja gilgit batpora sopore

23/08/2022

immunity enhancer

04/07/2022

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[1][3] (NSAID)[1] are members of a therapeutic drug class which reduces pain, decreases inflammation, decreases fever,[1] and prevents blood clots. Side effects depend on the specific drug, its dose and duration of use, but largely include an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds, heart attack, and kidney disease.......

The term non-steroidal distinguishes these drugs from steroids, which while having a similar eicosanoid-depressing, anti-inflammatory action, have a broad range of other effects. First used in 1960, the term served to distance these medications from steroids, which were particularly stigmatised at the time due to some connotations with anabolic steroid abuse.[6]

NSAIDs work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes (the COX-1 and COX-2 isoenzymes). In cells, these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of key biological mediators, namely prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation, and thromboxanes, which are involved in blood clotting.

There are two general types of NSAIDs available: non-selective, and COX-2 selective.[7] Most NSAIDs are non-selective, and inhibit the activity of both COX-1 and COX-2. These NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, also inhibit platelet aggregation and increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds.[7] COX-2 selective inhibitors have fewer gastrointestinal side effects, but promote thrombosis, and some of these agents substantially increase the risk of heart attack. As a result, certain older COX-2 selective inhibitors are no longer used due to the high risk of undiagnosed vascular disease.[7] These differential effects are due to the different roles and tissue localisations of each COX isoenzyme.[7] By inhibiting physiological COX activity, all NSAIDs increase the risk of kidney disease[8] and, through a related mechanism, heart attack.[9] In addition, NSAIDs can blunt the production of erythropoietin, resulting in anaemia, since haemoglobin needs this hormone to be produced.

The most prominent NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen; all available over the counter (OTC) in most countries.[10] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only minor anti-inflammatory activity. Paracetamol treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 and inhibiting endocannabinoid reuptake almost exclusively within the brain, but not much in the rest of the body

Medical uses
Edit
NSAIDs are often suggested for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where pain and inflammation are present. NSAIDs are generally used for the symptomatic relief of the following conditions:[13][14][15]
Osteoarthritis[14][16][17]
Rheumatoid arthritis[18]
Mild-to-moderate pain due to inflammation and tissue injury[14]
Low back pain[14][19]
Inflammatory arthropathies (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis)
Tennis elbow[20]
Headache[14]
Migraine[13]
Acute gout[13]
Dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain)[13]
Metastatic bone pain[13]
Postoperative pain[13]
Muscle stiffness and pain due to Parkinson's disease[13]
Pyrexia (fever)[13]
Ileus[13]
Renal colic[13]
Macular edema[21]
Traumatic injury[22]
Chronic pain and cancer-related pain
Edit
The effectiveness of NSAIDs for treating non-cancer chronic pain and cancer-related pain in children and adolescents is not clear.[23][24] There have not been sufficient numbers of high-quality randomised controlled trials conducted.[23][24]

Inflammation
Edit
Differences in anti-inflammatory activity between the various individual NSAIDs are small, but there is considerable variation in individual patient response, and tolerance to these drugs. About 60% of patients will respond to any NSAID; of the others, those who do not respond to one may well respond to another. Pain relief starts soon after taking the first dose, and a full analgesic effect should normally be obtained within a week, whereas an anti-inflammatory effect may not be achieved (or may not be clinically assessable) for up to three weeks. If appropriate responses are not obtained within these times, another NSAID should be tried.[3]

Surgical pain
Edit
Pain following surgery can be significant, and many people require strong pain medications such as opioids. There is some low-certainty evidence that starting NSAID painkiller medications in adults early, before surgery, may help reduce post-operative pain, and also reduce the dose or quantity of opioid medications required after surgery.[25] Any increase risk of surgical bleeding, bleeding in the gastrointestinal system, myocardial infarctions, or injury to the kidneys has not been well studied.[25] When used in combination with paracetamol, the analgesic effect on post-operative pain may be improved.[26]

Aspirin
Edit
Aspirin, the only NSAID able to irreversibly inhibit COX-1, is also indicated for antithrombosis through inhibition of platelet aggregation. This is useful for the management of arterial thrombosis, and prevention of adverse cardiovascular events like heart attacks. Aspirin inhibits platelet

Pharmacokinetics
Edit
Learn more
This section does not cite any sources. (July 2019)
Most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are weak acids, with a pKa of 3–5. They are absorbed well from the stomach and intestinal mucosa. They are highly protein-bound in plasma (typically >95%), usually to albumin, so that their volume of distribution typically approximates to plasma volume. Most NSAIDs are metabolized in the liver by oxidation and conjugation to inactive metabolites that typically are excreted in the urine, though some drugs are partially excreted in bile. Metabolism may be abnormal in certain disease states, and accumulation may occur even with normal dosage.[medical citation needed]

Ibuprofen and diclofenac have short half-lives (2–3 hours). Some NSAIDs (typically oxicams) have very long half-lives (e.g. 20–60 hours).

21/06/2022

Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.

Explore the cell notes to know what is a cell, cell definition, cell structure, types and functions of cells. These notes have an in-depth description of all the concepts related to cells.

Table of Contents

Cell Definition
What is a Cell?
Discovery
Characteristics of Cells
Types of Cells
Cell Structure
Cell Theory
Functions of a Cell
Cells
Cells are the fundamental unit of life. They range in size from 0.0001 mm to nearly 150 mm across.

Cell Definition
“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes.”

Cells are the structural, functional, and biological units of all living beings. A cell can replicate itself independently. Hence, they are known as the building blocks of life.

Each cell contains a fluid called the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by a membrane. Also present in the cytoplasm are several biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Moreover, cellular structures called cell organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm.

What is a Cell?
A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology. Robert Hooke was the first Biologist who discovered cells.

All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single cell (unicellular), or many cells (multicellular). Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy.

Cells are complex and their components perform various functions in an organism. They are of different shapes and sizes, pretty much like bricks of the buildings. Our body is made up of cells of different shapes and sizes.

Cells are the lowest level of organisation in every life form. From organism to organism, the count of cells may vary. Humans have more number of cells compared to that of bacteria.

Cells comprise several cell organelles that perform specialised functions to carry out life processes. Every organelle has a specific structure. The hereditary material of the organisms is also present in the cells.

Discovery of Cells
Discovery of cells is one of the remarkable advancements in the field of science. It helps us know that all the organisms are made up of cells, and these cells help in carrying out various life processes. The structure and functions of cells helped us to understand life in a better way.

Who discovered cells?
Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. Robert Hooke observed a piece of bottle cork under a compound microscope and noticed minuscule structures that reminded him of small rooms. Consequently, he named these “rooms” as cells. However, his compound microscope had limited magnification, and hence, he could not see any details in the structure. Owing to this limitation, Hooke concluded that these were non-living entities.

Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed cells under another compound microscope with higher magnification. This time, he had noted that the cells exhibited some form of movement (motility). As a result, Leeuwenhoek concluded that these microscopic entities were “alive.” Eventually, after a host of other observations, these entities were named as animalcules.

In 1883, Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, provided the very first insights into the cell structure. He was able to describe the nucleus present in the cells of orchids.

Characteristics of Cells
Following are the various essential characteristics of cells:

Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
The cell interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane.
The nucleus (major organelle) holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.
Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria, a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
Lysosomes digest unwanted materials in the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the cell by synthesising selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them to their appropriate locations.
Also Read: Nucleus

Types of Cells
Cells are similar to factories with different labourers and departments that work towards a common objective. Various types of cells perform different functions. Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells:

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Explore: Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells
Main article: Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region within the cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. This region is called the nucleoid.
They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.
The cell size ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 µm in diameter.
The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA.
Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of as*xual reproduction. They are also known to use conjugation – which is often seen as the prokaryotic equivalent to s*xual reproduction (however, it is NOT s*xual reproduction).
Eukaryotic Cells
Main article: Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells are characterised by a true nucleus.
The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter.
This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals.
The plasma membrane is responsible for monitoring the transport of nutrients and electrolytes in and out of the cells. It is also responsible for cell to cell communication.
They reproduce s*xually as well as as*xually.
There are some contrasting features between plant and animal cells. For eg., the plant cell contains chloroplast, central vacuoles, and other plastids, whereas the animal cells do not.
Cell Structure
The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to explore more insights on cell structure and function.

Cell Membrane
The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. It separates the cell from the external environment. The cell membrane is present in all the cells.
The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles, such as the cytoplasm and nucleus, are enclosed. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane.
By structure, it is a porous membrane (with pores) which permits the movement of selective substances in and out of the cell. Besides this, the cell membrane also protects the cellular component from damage and leakage.
It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings.
Plants are immobile, so their cell structures are well-adapted to protect them from external factors. The cell wall helps to reinforce this function.
Cell Wall
The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin.
The cell wall is present exclusively in plant cells. It protects the plasma membrane and other cellular components. The cell wall is also the outermost layer of plant cells.
It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane.
It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries.
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in this cytoplasm.
Nucleus
The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.
The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.
Cell Organelles
Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. The different cell organelles, along with its principal functions, are as follows:

Cell Organelles and their Functions
Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction.
Nuclear membrane

The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles.
Chromosomes

Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the s*x of an individual. Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
Golgi Bodies

Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell.
Ribosome

Ribosomes are the protein synthesisers of the cell.
Mitochondria

The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.
Lysosomes

Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in cell renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s su***de bags.
Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll.
Vacuoles

Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.
Cell Theory
Cell Theory was proposed by the German scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. The cell theory states that:

All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
A cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
A modern version of the cell theory was eventually formulated, and it contains the following postulates:

Energy flows within the cells.
Genetic information is passed on from one cell to the other.
The chemical composition of all the cells is the same.
Functions of Cell
A cell performs major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows:

Provides Support and Structure
All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants.

Facilitate Growth Mitosis
In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the growth in an organism.

Allows Transport of Substances
Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going on inside the cells. The waste produced by the chemical processes is eliminated from the cells by active and passive transport. Small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol diffuse across the cell membrane along the concentration gradient. This is known as passive transport. The larger molecules diffuse across the cell membrane through active transport where the cells require a lot of energy to transport the substances.

Energy Production
Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cells through a process called photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.

Aids in Reproduction
A cell aids in reproduction through the processes called mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is termed as the as*xual reproduction where the parent cell divides to form daughter cells. Meiosis causes the daughter cells to be genetically different from the parent cells.

Thus, we can understand why cells are known as the structural and functional unit of life. This is because they are responsible for providing structure to the organisms and perform several functions necessary for carrying out life’s processes.

Also Read: Difference Between Plant Cell and Animal Cell

To know more about what is a cell, its definition, cell structure, types of cells, the discovery of cells, functions of cells or any other related topics, explore BYJU’S Biology. Alternatively, download BYJU’S app for a personalised learning experience.

3,78,843

1,909
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is a Cell?
A cell is defined as the fundamental, structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
2. State the characteristics of cells.
Cells provide the necessary structural support to an organism.
The genetic information necessary for reproduction is present within the nucleus.
Structurally, the cell has cell organelles which are suspended in the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for fulfilling the cell’s energy requirements.
Lysosomes digest metabolic wastes and foreign particles in the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum synthesises selective molecules and processes them, eventually directing them to their appropriate locations.
3. Highlight the cell structure and its components.
The cell structure comprises several individual components which perform specific functions essential to carry out life processes.
The components of the cell are as follows:

Cell membrane
Cell wall
Cell organelles
Nucleolus
Nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Bodies
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Chloroplast
Vacuoles
4. State the types of cells.
Cells are primarily classified into two types, namely

Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
5. Elaborate Cell Theory.
Cell Theory was proposed by Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow, who were German scientists. The cell theory states that:

All living species on Earth are composed of cells.
A cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
6. What is the function of mitochondria in the cells?
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cells. Their primary function is to produce the energy currency of the cells, ATP. It also regulates cellular metabolism.
7. What are the functions of the cell?
The essential functions of the cell include:

The cell provides support and structure to the body.
It facilitates growth by mitosis.
It helps in reproduction.
Provides energy and allows the transport of substances.
8. What is the function of Golgi bodies?
Golgi bodies pack and sort the proteins for secretion. It creates lysosomes and transports lipids around the cells.
9. Who discovered the cell and how?
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665. He observed a piece of cork under a compound microscope and noticed minute structures reminiscent of small rooms. Consequently, he named his discovery “cells.”
10. Name the cell organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down organic matter.
Lysosomes
11. Which cellular structure regulates the entry and exit of molecules to and from the cell?
Cell membrane. It is a selectively permeable structure that controls the exit and entry of molecules into the cell.
Register at BYJU’S for cell related Biology notes. Refer to these notes for reference.

SAIFuLLAh.medicate.khawaja.gilgit.sopore

21/06/2022

Increased usage of antacids among GERD patients, silent cause of CVDs
The use of antacids, which can cause irregular heartbeats and plaque buildup in the arteries, increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in people with GERD.

19/06/2022

BLOOD PRESSURE AND ITs TyPes
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels. Most of this pressure results from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in the large arteries. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum pressure during one heartbeat) over diastolic pressure (minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the cardiac cycle. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) above the surrounding atmospheric pressure.

Classification, normal and abnormal values

Blood pressure
Blood pressure monitoring.jpg
A healthcare worker measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer.
MeSH
D001795
MedlinePlus
007490
LOINC
35094-2
Blood pressure is one of the vital signs—together with respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body temperature—that healthcare professionals use in evaluating a patient's health. Normal resting blood pressure, in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury (16 kPa) systolic over 80 millimetres of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, denoted as "120/80 mmHg". Globally, the average blood pressure, age standardized, has remained about the same since 1975 to the present, at approx. 127/79 mmHg in men and 122/77 mmHg in women, although these average data mask significantly diverging regional trends.[1]

Traditionally, a health-care worker measured blood pressure non-invasively by auscultation (listening) through a stethoscope for sounds in one arm's artery as the artery is squeezed, closer to the heart, by an aneroid gauge or a mercury-tube sphygmomanometer.[2] Auscultation is still generally considered to be the gold standard of accuracy for non-invasive blood pressure readings in clinic.[3] However, semi-automated methods have become common, largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity,[4] although cost, ease of use and applicability to ambulatory blood pressure or home blood pressure measurements have also influenced this trend.[5] Early automated alternatives to mercury-tube sphygmomanometers were often seriously inaccurate, but modern devices validated to international standards achieve an average difference between two standardized reading methods of 5 mm Hg or less, and a standard deviation of less than 8 mm Hg.[5] Most of these semi-automated methods measure blood pressure using oscillometry (measurement by a pressure transducer in the cuff of the device of small oscillations of intra-cuff pressure accompanying heartbeat-induced changes in the volume of each pulse).[6]

Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance; Blood Volume and arterial stiffness and varies depending on situation, emotional state, activity, and relative health/disease states. In the short term, blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors, which act via the brain to influence the nervous and the endocrine systems.

Blood pressure that is too low is called hypotension, pressure that is consistently too high is called hypertension, and normal pressure is called normotension.[7] Both hypertension and hypotension have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration. Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including stroke, heart disease, and kidney failure. Long-term hypertension is more common than long-term hypotension.

Classification, normal and abnormal values
Edit
Systemic arterial pressure
Edit
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) classification of office blood pressure (BP)a and definitions of hypertension gradeb.
Category Systolic BP,
mmHg Diastolic BP,
mmHg
Optimal < 120 < 80
Normal 120–129 80–84
High normal 130–139 85–89
Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 90–99
Grade 2 hypertension 160–179 100–109
Grade 3 hypertension ≥ 180 ≥ 110
Isolated systolic hypertensionb ≥ 140 < 90
The same classification is used for all ages from 16 years.
a BP category is defined according to seated clinic BP and by the highest level of BP, whether systolic or diastolic.

b Isolated systolic hypertension is graded 1, 2, or 3 according to systolic BP values in the ranges indicated.

The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg,[8] below this level there is limited evidence.[9]

Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long-term cardiovascular health. There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood pressure with hypertension, particularly in older people.[10]

The table shows the most recent classification (2018) of office (or clinic) blood pressure by The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH).[11] Similar thresholds had been adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older,[12] but in November 2017 the American Heart Association announced revised definitions for blood pressure categories that increased the number of people considered to have high blood pressure.[13]

Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24-hour period,[14] with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night.[15][16] Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night-time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day-time blood pressure.[17] Blood pressure varies over longer time periods (months to years) and this variability predicts adverse outcomes.[18] Blood pressure also changes in response to temperature, noise, emotional stress, consumption of food or liquid, dietary factors, physical activity, changes in posture (such as standing-up), drugs, and disease.[19] The variability in blood pressure and the better predictive value of ambulatory blood pressure measurements has led some authorities, such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK, to advocate for the use of ambulatory blood pressure as the preferred method for diagnosis of hypertension.[20]

A digital sphygmomanometer used for measuring blood pressure
Various other factors, such as age and s*x, also influence a person's blood pressure. Differences between left-arm and right-arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small. However, occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for peripheral arterial disease or obstructive arterial disease.[21][22][23][24]

There is no accepted diagnostic standard for hypotension, although pressures less than 90/60 are commonly regarded as hypotensive.[25] In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if symptoms are present.[26]

Systemic arterial pressure and age
Edit
Fetal blood pressure
Edit
Further information: Fetal circulation § Blood pressure
In pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[27]

The average blood pressure for full-term infants:[28]

Systolic 65–95 mmHg
Diastolic 30–60 mmHg
Childhood
Edit
Reference ranges for blood pressure (BP) in children[29]
Stage Approximate age Systolic BP,
mmHg Diastolic BP,
mmHg
Infants 0 to 12 months 75–100 50–70
Toddlers and preschoolers 1 to 5 years 80–110 50–80
School age 6 to 12 years 85–120 50–80
Adolescents 13 to 18 years 95–140 60–90
In children, the normal ranges for blood pressure are lower than for adults and depend on height.[30] Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries, based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries.[31]

Aging adults
Edit
In adults in most societies, systolic blood pressure tends to rise from early adulthood onward, up to at least age 70;[32][33] diastolic pressure tends to begin to rise at the same time but to start to fall earlier in mid-life, approximately age 55.[33] Mean blood pressure rises from early adulthood, plateauing in mid-life, while pulse pressure rises quite markedly after the age of 40. Consequently, in many older people, systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range,[33] if the diastolic pressure is in the normal range this is termed isolated systolic hypertension. The rise in pulse pressure with age is attributed to increased stiffness of the arteries.[34] An age-related rise in blood pressure is not considered healthy and is not observed in some isolated unacculturated communities.[35]

Disorders of blood pressure

Disorders of blood pressure control include high blood pressure, low blood pressure, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation.

High blood pressure
Edit
Main article: Hypertension

Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure
Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, for example hypertensive emergency.

Levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time.

Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated.[43]

In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure; but nowadays it is recognized that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, probably due to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see Pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140 mmHg) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (

Address

Telephone

+18086857745

Website

facebook.com

Alerts

Be the first to know and let us send you an email when Saifullah MediCate Near Super Bazar Khawaja Gilgit sopore Jammu and Kashmir posts news and promotions. Your email address will not be used for any other purpose, and you can unsubscribe at any time.

Contact The Business

Send a message to Saifullah MediCate Near Super Bazar Khawaja Gilgit sopore Jammu and Kashmir:

Saifullah MediCate Near Super Bazar Khawaja Gilgit sopore Jammu and Kashmir

24/08/2022

23/08/2022

04/07/2022

21/06/2022

21/06/2022

19/06/2022

Address

Telephone

Website

Alerts

Contact The Business

Shortcuts

Share