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𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉

He remains dedicated to listening to the people, addressing their concern

Phostin Amani Maurice is a passionate youth leader, community advocate, and servant leader committed to empowering people and driving positive change in Mwanamwinga Ward and beyond.

02/07/2026

Mkombozi WA Ukweli Phostin Nice to know but not must

27/06/2026

How the Ear Receives Sound and Translates It into Nerve Impulses

The ear is the organ responsible for hearing and balance. It is divided into three main parts: the external ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The process of hearing begins when sound waves from the environment enter the ear and ends when the brain interprets these signals as meaningful sounds. This process of converting sound waves into electrical nerve impulses is known as auditory transduction.

The hearing process starts when the pinna (auricle) collects sound waves from the surrounding environment. The curved shape of the pinna helps to gather and direct these sound waves into the external auditory canal (external auditory meatus). The sound waves then travel through the canal until they reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum).

When the sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, it vibrates according to the frequency and intensity of the sound. These vibrations are transmitted to the three tiny bones of the middle ear, known as the auditory ossicles: the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). The ossicles act as a lever system that amplifies the vibrations and transmits them efficiently to the inner ear.

The footplate of the stapes presses against the oval window, which is the entrance to the cochlea. This action creates pressure waves within the fluid-filled cochlea. The movement of the fluid causes the basilar membrane to vibrate. Different sound frequencies stimulate different regions of the basilar membrane, allowing the ear to distinguish between high- and low-pitched sounds.

Located on the basilar membrane is the Organ of Corti, which contains specialised sensory cells called hair cells. As the basilar membrane moves, the stereocilia (hair-like projections) on the hair cells bend against the tectorial membrane. This bending opens ion channels, allowing potassium ions to enter the hair cells, causing depolarisation. As a result, neurotransmitters are released at the base of the hair cells.

The neurotransmitters stimulate the sensory nerve fibres of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), generating electrical nerve impulses. These impulses travel to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem, then pass through the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus before reaching the medial geniculate body of the thalamus. Finally, the impulses are transmitted to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain, where they are interpreted as recognisable sounds such as speech, music, or environmental noise.

The Eustachian tube also plays an important role in hearing by equalising air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. This ensures that the eardrum vibrates freely and efficiently, allowing normal hearing.

Mkombozi WA Ukweli Phostin

Mkombozi WA Ukweli Phostin
𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉
Health
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Ortho
Orthopaedic Principles
Belindah Clavin
𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉

26/06/2026

Circle of Wills

This image shows the arterial blood supply of the brain, especially the Circle of Willis (Circulus arteriosus cerebri), viewed from the inferior (base) aspect of the brain.

Main arteries and their functions

1.Common Carotid Artery.
Main artery in the neck.
Divides into the internal and external carotid arteries.

2. Internal Carotid Artery (ICA

Supplies the anterior circulation of the brain.
Gives rise to the:
*Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
*Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
*Vertebral Arteries
*Arise from the subclavian arteries.
*Pass through the cervical vertebrae.

Join to form the Basilar Artery.

3. Basilar Artery
Supplies the brainstem and cerebellum.
Divides into the Posterior Cerebral Arteries (PCA) (not labeled here).

4.Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Supplies the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes.
Mainly controls the lower limb motor and sensory cortex.

5. Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
Largest branch of the ICA.
Supplies the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.
Controls the face and upper limb motor and sensory areas.
The artery most commonly affected in stroke.
Anterior Communicating Artery (ACoA)
Connects the right and left ACAs.

@ Part of the Circle of Willis.

Circle of Willis

The Circle of Willis is an arterial ring at the base of the brain.
Functions:
Provides collateral circulation if one artery becomes blocked.
Helps maintain continuous blood flow to the brain.
Blood supply summary
Internal carotid system → Supplies the anterior 2/3 of the brain.
Vertebrobasilar system (vertebral + basilar arteries) → Supplies the posterior 1/3 of the brain, including the brainstem, cerebellum, and occipital lobes.
This is a high-yield anatomy topic, especially for stroke syndrome cerebral circulation.

The Circle of Willis is formed by seven arteries (counting paired arteries separately):

1.Right Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) – 1
2.Left Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) – 1
3.Anterior Communicating Artery (ACoA) – 1
4.Right Internal Carotid Artery (terminal part) – 1
5. Left Internal Carotid Artery (terminal part) – 1
6. Right Posterior Communicating Artery (PCoA) – 1
7. Left Posterior Communicating Artery (PCoA) – 1
8. Right Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) – 1
9.Left Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) – 1

Mnemonic: A-A-I-P-P
A – Anterior Cerebral Arteries (2)
A – Anterior Communicating Artery (1)
I – Internal Carotid Arteries (2)
P – Posterior Communicating Arteries (2)
P – Posterior Cerebral Arteries (2)

Note: The Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA) arise from the internal carotid arteries but are NOT part of the Circle of Willis.
This is a very common anatomy exam question.

Mkombozi WA Ukweli Phostin
𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉
Julius Asanta
Zak Bagans - Ghost Adventures Crew (GAC)
Rabin Angeles
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26/06/2026

Cross-Section of the Limbic System and Related Deep Brain Structures

This image illustrates a sagittal section highlighting key components of the limbic system and their relationship to surrounding deep cerebral structures. Visible structures include the hippocampus, amygdaloid nucleus, fornix, thalamus, and caudate nucleus, along with the lateral ventricle. Together, these structures form an interconnected network involved in memory, emotion, motivation, learning, and behavior.
The limbic system acts as the bridge between emotion and cognition, allowing experiences to be stored as memories while influencing emotional responses and decision-making. Understanding these anatomical relationships is fundamental for neuroanatomy, neuroscience, psychiatry, and clinical neurology.

Master the pathways of memory and emotion by understanding the anatomy of the limbic system and its deep brain connections.

[Limbic system, limbic anatomy, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, thalamus, deep brain structures, memory pathway, emotion center of brain, neuroanatomy, brain anatomy, neuroscience, medical education, MBBS anatomy, BDS anatomy, clinical neuroanatomy, neurology, psychiatry, anatomy revision, medical students, brain structures, learning and memory, emotional processing, medico plasma, study medicine.]F

25/06/2026

With Øffíçíal Mwáringa Kē – I just got recognised as one of their top fans! 🎉

23/06/2026

What is your diagnosis
Orthopaedic Principles
Ortho
𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉

23/06/2026

🚻 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI): Don’t Ignore the Burning Sensation!

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection that can affect the bladder, urethra, ureters, or kidneys. Early diagnosis and proper treatment help prevent complications such as kidney infections.

✅ Common symptoms:
• Burning or pain while urinating
• Frequent urge to urinate
• Passing small amounts of urine
• Cloudy, foul-smelling, or bloody urine
• Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
• Fever, chills, or flank pain may indicate a more serious kidney infection

🛡️ Prevention tips:
• Drink plenty of water
• Maintain good personal hygiene
• Avoid delaying urination
• Urinate after sexual activity when appropriate
• Take prescribed antibiotics exactly as directed by your healthcare provider

🚨 Seek medical attention promptly if you have fever, severe back pain, vomiting, are pregnant, or symptoms persist or worsen.

👍 If you found this post helpful, please Like ❤️, Share 📢, and Follow 𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉 for more high-yield medical content!

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▶️ YouTube: Chelsea
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Disclaimer: This content is provided by 𝙃𝙀𝘼𝙇𝙏𝙃 𝙏𝘼𝙇𝙆 𝘿𝘼𝙄𝙇 𝙒𝙄𝙏𝙃 𝙋𝙃𝙊𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙉 for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for evaluation and management of urinary symptoms or any medical condition.

22/06/2026

With Tecla Kadogoo – I just got recognised as one of their top fans! 🎉

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