02/09/2026
WHEN MEDICINES CAUSE MORE HARM THAN GOOD
Modern medicine has produced remarkable medicines that have saved countless lives.
But history has also shown us that some medicines can later be found to carry serious risks that were not fully understood when they were first introduced.
1. PFIZER ā TROVAN, KANO, NIGERIA
During the 1996 meningitis epidemic in Kano, Pfizer tested the experimental antibiotic Trovan (trovafloxacin) on seriously ill children.
Nigerian authorities alleged that the trial resulted in the deaths of 11 children and serious disabilities among others, including reports of blindness, deafness, brain damage and paralysis.
In 2009, Pfizer and Kano State reached a $75 million settlement:
⢠Up to $35 million for eligible trial participants
⢠$30 million for healthcare initiatives in Kano
⢠$10 million for Kano's legal costs
Pfizer denied wrongdoing and liability and maintained that meningitis, rather than Trovan, caused the deaths and injuries.
2. MERCK ā VIOXX
Vioxx (rofecoxib) became a widely used painkiller and arthritis medicine.
In 2004, Merck withdrew Vioxx after evidence showed an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events, including heart attacks and strokes.
In 2007, Merck agreed to a $4.85 billion settlement program for qualifying U.S. claims involving heart attacks and ischemic strokes.
3. SANOFI ā DEPAKINE
Depakine (sodium valproate) is an anti-epileptic medicine associated with serious risks when taken during pregnancy, including congenital birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders in exposed children.
France established a compensation mechanism for affected families. By March 2024, victims had received compensation offers totaling approximately ā¬85 million, with about ā¬61 million accepted.
In 2024, a French court also ordered Sanofi to pay nearly ā¬285,000 to a mother and her two children in a case involving birth defects associated with exposure during pregnancy.
4. GRĆNENTHAL ā THALIDOMIDE
Thalidomide, marketed in Germany as Contergan, was widely used in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including by pregnant women.
It caused devastating congenital abnormalities, particularly severe limb deformities, as well as damage to other organs.
Historical estimates suggest that up to 20,000 children worldwide were affected.
In 1970, Grünenthal agreed to pay 100 million German marks, while the German government contributed another 100 million marks toward compensation.
Grünenthal later contributed additional funds, including ā¬50 million in 2009, to support victims.
THE LESSON
Millions of people have taken medicines believing they were safe.
Doctors are often working with the best scientific evidence available at the time. But sometimes serious risks only become clearer after a medicine has been used by large numbers of people for several years.
This means taking medicine should not be about blind trust or blind rejection.
Every medicine involves a balance between potential benefits and potential risks.
Before taking a medicine, ask:
What is the expected benefit?
What are the common side effects?
What are the serious risks?
How long should I take it?
Are there alternatives?
What happens if I don't take it?
USE MEDICINES RESPONSIBLY.
Do not reject necessary medical treatment simply because medicines can have side effects.
But neither should medicines be taken casually, unnecessarily or indefinitely.
Use medicines when medically indicated and as directed.
Know both the benefits and the risks.
Your health deserves informed decisionsānot blind trust.