Dr.ZN

13/11/2025

Common Laboratory Tests & Their Uses

13/11/2025

Lung Diseases & Their Diagnosis

17/10/2024

ګرانو دوستانو!
مهرباني وکړئ د ښو مطالبو او طبي معلوماتو لپاره زما دا رسمي فیسبوک پاڼه لایک او تعقیب کړئ.

مننه؛
ډاکټر زین الله"نورستاني"

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Dr.Zainullah Nuristani
MD, MBBS, RMP.

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27/02/2022

کاکا جانم به رحمت حق پیوست. 😭
انالله و اناالیه راجعون

18/10/2021

Drug of choice in pregnancy

18/10/2021

The Human Body:-
1: Number of bones: 206
2: Number of muscles: 639
3: Kidney Number: 2
4: Number of milk teeth: 20
5: Number of ribs: 24 (12 pair)
6: Heart Camera Number: 4
7: Largest Artery: Aorta
8: Normal Blood Pressure: 120/80 Mmhg
9: Blood Ph: 7.4
10: Number of vertebrae in spine: 33
11: Neck Vertebrae Number: 7
12: Number of bones in middle ear: 6
13: Number of bones in the face: 14
14: Number of bones in skull: 22
15: Number of bones in the chest: 25
16: Number of bones in arms: 6
17: Number of muscles in the human arm: 72
18: Number of bombs in the heart: 2
19: Biggest Organ: Skin
20: Biggest Gland: Liver
21: Biggest Cell: Female O**m
22: Smallest Cell: Spermatozoon
23: Smallest Bone: Middle Ear Stripe
24: First Transplanted Organ: Kidney
25: Mean Slim Bowel Length: 7 m
26: Average large intestine length: 1.5 m
27: Average Newborn Baby Weight: 3 kg
28: Pulse rate in one minute: 72 times
29: Normal Body Temperature: 37 C° (98.4 f°)
30: Average Blood Volume: 4 to 5 LITERS
31: Lapse of life Red blood cells: 120 days
32: Lapse of life White blood cells: 10 to 15 days
33: Pregnancy period: 280 days (40 week)
34: Number of bones in human foot: 33
35: Number of bones in each wrist: 8
36: Number of bones in hand: 27
37: Largest Endocrine Gland: Thyroid
38: Largest Lymphatic Organisation: Spleen
40: Biggest and Strongest Bone: Femur
41: Smallest Muscle: Stapedius (Middle Ear)
41: Chromosome Number: 46 (23 pair)
42: Number of newborn baby bones: 306
43: Blood Viscosity: 4.5 to 5.5
44: Universal Donor Blood Group: O
45: Universal Receiver Blood Group: AB
46: Greater White Blood: Monocyte
47: Smaller White Blood: Lymphocyte
48: Increased red blood cell count is called: Polytemia
49: Blood bank in the body is: Spleen
50: River of life is called: Blood
51: Normal level blood cholesterol: 100 mg / dl
52: Fluid part of blood is: Plasma
A perfectly designed machine that lets you enjoy this adventure called life.

07/10/2019

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation in the pancreas. The pancreas is a long, flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that assist digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar (glucose).
Pancreatitis can occur as acute pancreatitis — meaning it appears suddenly and lasts for days. Or pancreatitis can occur as chronic pancreatitis, which describes pancreatitis that occurs over many years.
Mild cases of pancreatitis may go away without treatment, but severe cases can cause life-threatening complications.

SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis may vary, depending on which type you experience.
Acute pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:

Upper abdominal pain

Abdominal pain that radiates to your back

Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating

Nausea

Vomiting

Tenderness when touching the abdomen

Chronic pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:

Upper abdominal pain

Losing weight without trying

Oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea)

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have persistent abdominal pain. Seek immediate medical help if your abdominal pain is so severe that you can't sit still or find a position that makes you more comfortable.

CAUSES

What happens in pancreatitis

Pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes produced in your pancreas become activated while inside the pancreas, causing damage to the organ.
During normal digestion, the inactivated pancreatic enzymes move through ducts in your pancreas and travel to the small intestine, where the enzymes become activated and help with digestion. In pancreatitis, the enzymes become activated while still in the pancreas. This causes the enzymes to irritate the cells of your pancreas, causing inflammation and the signs and symptoms associated with pancreatitis.
With repeated bouts of acute pancreatitis, damage to the pancreas can occur and lead to chronic pancreatitis. Scar tissue may form in the pancreas, causing loss of function. A poorly functioning pancreas can cause digestion problems and diabetes.

Pancreatitis has many causes

A number of causes have been identified for acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis, including:

Alcoholism

Gallstones

Abdominal surgery

Certain medications

Cigarette smoking

Cystic fibrosis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), when used to treat gallstones

Family history of pancreatitis

High calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia), which may be caused by an overactive parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism)

High triglyceride levels in the blood (hypertriglyceridemia)

Infection

Injury to the abdomen

Pancreatic cancer

COMPLICATIONS

Pancreatitis can cause serious complications, including:

Pseudocyst. Acute pancreatitis can cause fluid and debris to collect in cyst-like pockets in your pancreas. A large pseudocyst that ruptures can cause complications such as internal bleeding and infection.

Infection. Acute pancreatitis can make your pancreas vulnerable to bacteria and infection. Pancreatic infections are serious and require intensive treatment, such as surgery to remove the infected tissue.

Breathing problems. Acute pancreatitis can cause chemical changes in your body that affect your lung function, causing the level of oxygen in your blood to fall to dangerously low levels.

Diabetes. Damage to insulin-producing cells in your pancreas from chronic pancreatitis can lead to diabetes, a disease that affects the way your body uses blood sugar.

Kidney failure. Acute pancreatitis may cause kidney failure, which can be treated with dialysis if the kidney failure is severe and persistent.

Malnutrition. Both acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause your pancreas to produce fewer of the enzymes that are needed to break down and process nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead to malnutrition, diarrhea and weight loss, even though you may be eating the same foods or the same amount of food.

Pancreatic cancer. Long-standing inflammation in your pancreas caused by chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for developing pancreatic cancer.

PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT

Seek immediate medical help if you experience abdominal pain that is so severe that you can't sit still or find a position that makes you more comfortable.
If you have other signs or symptoms, make an appointment with your family doctor or a general practitioner. If your doctor suspects you may have pancreatitis, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system (gastroenterologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.

What you can do

Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet.

Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.

Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.

Make a list of all medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements, that you're taking.

Take a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be difficult to understand all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.

Write down questions to ask your doctor.

Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important, in case time runs out. For pancreatitis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?

What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?

What kinds of tests do I need?

Is my condition likely temporary or chronic?

What is the best course of action?

What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?

I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?

Are there any restrictions that I need to follow?

Should I see a specialist? What will that cost, and will my insurance cover it?

Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing?

Are there brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?

What will determine whether I should plan for a follow-up visit?

In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask other questions.

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time to cover points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:

When did you first begin experiencing symptoms?

Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?

How severe are your symptoms?

What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?

What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?

Have you had these symptoms before?

Have you been diagnosed with pancreatitis in the past?

Do you drink alcohol? If so, how much and how often do you drink?

Did you start any new medications before your symptoms began?

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS

Tests and procedures used to diagnose pancreatitis include:

Blood tests to look for elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes

Stool tests in chronic pancreatitis to measure levels of fat that could suggest your digestive system isn't absorbing nutrients adequately

Computerized tomography (CT) scan to look for gallstones and assess the extent of pancreas inflammation

Abdominal ultrasound to look for gallstones and pancreas inflammation

Endoscopic ultrasound to look for inflammation and blockages in the pancreatic duct or bile duct

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for abnormalities in the gallbladder, pancreas and ducts

Your doctor may recommend other tests, depending on your particular situation.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS

Treatment for pancreatitis usually requires hospitalization. Once your condition is stabilized in the hospital and inflammation in the pancreas is controlled, doctors can treat the underlying cause of your pancreatitis.

Hospitalization to stabilize pancreatitis

If you're experiencing pancreatitis, your doctor may admit you to the hospital for care.
Initial treatments to help control the inflammation in your pancreas and make you more comfortable may include:

Fasting. You'll stop eating for a couple of days in the hospital in order to give your pancreas a chance to recover.
Once the inflammation in your pancreas is controlled, you may begin drinking clear liquids and eating bland foods. With time, you can go back to your normal diet.
If your pancreatitis persists and you still experience pain when eating, your doctor may recommend a feeding tube to help you get nutrition.

Pain medications. Pancreatitis can cause severe pain. Your health care team will give you medications to help control the pain.

Intravenous (IV) fluids. As your body devotes energy and fluids to repairing your pancreas, you may become dehydrated. For this reason, you'll receive extra fluids through a vein in your arm during your hospital stay.

How long you stay in the hospital will depend on your situation. Some people recover quickly and others develop complications that require a longer hospitalization.

Treating the underlying cause of pancreatitis

Once your pancreatitis is brought under control, your health care team can treat the underlying cause of your pancreatitis.
Treatment will depend on the cause of your pancreatitis, but examples of treatment may include:

Procedures to remove bile duct obstructions. Pancreatitis caused by a narrowed or blocked bile duct may require procedures to open or widen the bile duct.
A procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) uses a long tube with a camera on the end to examine your pancreas and bile ducts. The tube is passed down your throat, and the camera sends pictures of your digestive system to a monitor.
ERCP can aid in diagnosing problems in the bile duct and in making repairs.

Gallbladder surgery. If gallstones caused your pancreatitis, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove your gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Pancreas surgery. Surgery may be necessary to drain fluid from your pancreas or to remove diseased tissue.

Treatment for alcohol dependence. Drinking several drinks a day over many years can cause pancreatitis. If this is the cause of your pancreatitis, your doctor may recommend you enter a treatment program for alcohol addiction. Continuing to drink may worsen your pancreatitis and lead to serious complications.

Additional treatments for chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis may require additional treatments, depending on your situation. Other treatments for chronic pancreatitis may include:

Pain management. Chronic pancreatitis can cause persistent abdominal pain. Your doctor may recommend medications to control your pain and may refer you to a pain specialist.
Severe pain may be relieved with surgery to block nerves that send pain signals from the pancreas to the brain.

Enzymes to improve digestion. Pancreatic enzyme supplements can help your body break down and process the nutrients in the foods you eat. Pancreatic enzymes are taken in tablet form with each meal.

Changes to your diet. Your doctor may refer you to a dietitian who can help you plan low-fat meals that are high in nutrients.

LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES

Once you leave the hospital, you can take steps to continue your recovery from pancreatitis, such as:

Stop drinking alcohol. If you're unable to stop drinking alcohol on your own, ask your doctor for help. Your doctor can refer you to local programs to help you stop drinking.

Stop smoking. If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. If you can't quit on your own, ask your doctor for help. Medications and counseling can help you stop smoking.

Choose a low-fat diet. Choose a diet that limits fat and emphasizes fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein.

Drink more fluids. Pancreatitis can cause dehydration, so drink more fluids throughout the day. It may help to keep a water bottle or glass of water with you.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Alternative therapies can't treat pancreatitis, but some alternative therapies may help you cope with the pain associated with pancreatitis.
People with chronic pancreatitis may experience constant pain that isn't easily controlled with medications. Using complementary and alternative medicine therapies along with medications prescribed by your doctor may help you feel more in control of your pain.
Examples of alternative therapies that may help you cope with pain include:

Meditation

Relaxation exercises

Yoga

22/06/2018

15/06/2018

Some Important step's

15/06/2018

Degenerative Disc Disease

Definition

Degenerative disc disease is not actually a disease but a term used to describe the normal changes in your spinal discs as you age. Spinal discs are soft, compressible discs that separate the interlocking bones also known as vertebrae that make up the spine. The discs act as shock absorbers for the spine, allowing it to flex, bend, and twist. Degenerative disc disease can take place throughout the spine, but it most often occurs in the discs in the lower back lumbar region and the neck cervical region.

The changes in the discs can result in back or neck pain and/or:-
Osteoarthritis, the breakdown of the tissue cartilage that protects and cushions joints.
Herniated disc, an abnormal bulge or a breaking open of a spinal disc.
Spinal stenosis, the narrowing of the spinal canal, the open space in the spine that holds the spinal cord.
These conditions may put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to pain and possibly affecting nerve function.

Epidemiology

Degenerative disc disease is fairly common and it is estimated that at least 30% of people aged 30-50 years old will have some degree of disc space degeneration, although not all will have pain or ever receive a formal diagnosis. The pain is frequently caused by simple wear and tear as part of the general aging process. It can also be as a result of a twisting injury to the lower back.

Types

Degenerative disc disease is a condition characterized by damage to the intervertebral discs that can result in pain and stiffness.

There are three different types of degenerative disc disease, which influence the symptoms a patient may experience. Pain will typically spread to the neck, shoulders, arms, hands, legs, and/or feet.

Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease

Cervical degenerative disc disease is the second most common type of degenerative disc disease and will manifest anywhere along the cervical spine. The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebral bones; C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, and C7.
Patients with cervical disc degeneration may experience pain that flares up from time to time. Patients may also suffer from a stiff neck and altered nerve sensations in the neck and between the shoulder blades. Disc degeneration in the neck may lead to a disc herniation and other spinal conditions that can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease

Lumbar degenerative disc disease is the most common type of degenerative disc disease. Disc degeneration will appear in the lumbar spine; the L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5. Lumbar degenerative discs are common because the lower back region carries the bulk of your weight and endures a lot of stress and strain every single day.
Lower back pain is common with lumbar disc degeneration. The condition is also likely to cause altered nerve sensations, such as numbness, tingling, and muscle weakness, in the lower back. Radiating pain into the buttocks, legs, and feet may also appear as symptoms.
One of the most common causes of sciatica, pressure on the sciatic nerve that causes radiating pain, is lumbar degenerative disc disease.

Thoracic Degenerative Disc Disease

Thoracic degenerative disc disease is the degeneration of the thoracic spine, which consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae numbered T1 to T12. Disc degeneration in the thoracic spine, or mid-back at the level of the ribcage, is rare. However, when it does occur, back pain is often located around the site of the degenerated disc.
Degenerative disc disease can occur anywhere along the spine and in more than one location. The degeneration of one disc can negatively affect others causing them to also be more susceptible to weakening.
Disc degeneration cannot be reversed, but with conservative treatments, a patient may be able to find pain relief. When conservative treatments, such as physical therapy and medications, fail, surgical procedures may be recommended.
Risk factors

Age is the biggest risk factor, but some other factors can speed up the process of degeneration.

These include:-

Obesity
Strenuous physical work
To***co smoking
An acute or sudden injury, such as a fall
Degenerative disc pain can start when a major or minor injury leads to sudden and unexpected back pain, or it can present as a slight back pain that gets worse over time.

Causes

There is one prominent cause of degenerative disc disease, and that is the natural effects of aging on the intervertebral discs in the spine. However, certain medical factors can exacerbate and intensify degenerative disc disease, including:

Smoking
Lack of exercise
Obesity or carrying excess weight
Improperly lifting heavy objects
Making repetitive, strenuous movements
A sudden, serious injury, such as one that may result from a fall, car accident or high-impact sport
Osteoporosis, herniated discs, spinal stenosis and other spinal complications can surface as a result of degenerative disc disease. If you believe you may be at risk for degenerative disc disease, speak with your doctor about how to maintain long-term spinal health. By practicing proper precautions and making certain lifestyle changes, you can reduce your risk of contracting premature spine-related difficulties while proactively warding off issues later in life.

Symptoms

Symptoms are most commonly concentrated in the low back or neck, depending on where the degenerated discs are. Common symptoms include:-

Pain that ranges from nagging to severe and disabling
Pain that affects the low back, buttocks, and thighs
Pain in the neck that may radiate to the arms and hands
Pain that is worse when sitting
Pain that gets worse when bending, lifting or twisting
Pain that lessens when walking and moving
Pain that lessens with changing positions often or lying down
Periods of severe pain that come and go, lasting from a few days to a few months
Numbness and tingling in the extremities
Weakness in the leg muscles or foot drop may be a sign that there is damage to the nerve root
Complications

Certain complications of degenerative disc disease require immediate medical attention. These include pain that continues to worsen (especially over a short period of time),

Loss of bladder or bowel control,
Disabling pain,
Numbness,
Pain,
Tingling, or weakness in one or both legs.
However, it is rare that this condition leads to conditions that are more serious.

Diagnosis and test

Degenerative disc disease is diagnosed with a medical history and physical exam. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, injuries or illnesses, any previous treatment, and habits and activities that may be causing pain in the neck, arms, back, buttock, or leg.

If a patient presents with symptoms associated with degenerative disc disease, the surgeon may order the following tests:

X-rays – although X-rays cannot show soft tissue like discs, they provide details of the bone structures in the spine.
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging – this type of scan provides a detailed image of discs, allowing surgeons to see how the nerves and spinal canal space are affected by degenerative disc disease.
Computed tomography (CT) scan – provides a detailed image of bone structures in the spine and is a great option for those patients who cannot undergo MR scans (for example, those who have a pacemaker or who have specific types of metallic implants)
Treatment and medications

All doctors agree that getting the back pain under control – no matter the source – requires exercise to increase the strength and flexibility of muscles that surround and support the spine. Exercising increases blood flow to the back, which nourishes joints and muscles with oxygen and nutrients while clearing away destructive inflammatory waste products.

Treatment options to go along with physical activity and exercises to increase back strength include:-

Physical therapy
Medications: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen sodium), pain relievers (acetaminophen)
Surgery:- artificial disc replacement, spinal fusion
Heat and cold therapy
Spinal mobilization

Prevention

While you cannot control the natural aging process of the spine, there are certain lifestyle choices you can make that can improve your overall spine health and reduce your risk of developing a degenerative spine condition. These lifestyle habits include:-

Maintain a healthy weight to reduce unnecessary pressure on the spine.
Limit alcohol and to***co use because it decreases circulation to the discs and causes dehydration. Additionally, constant alcohol consumption can lead to weight gain and inactivity.
Reduce high-impact sports like football and other contact sports that cause the spine to rapidly bend and snap.
Exercise regularly to strengthen the core muscles around the spine so they can help support the body’s weight and movement.

15/06/2018

Vasodilation / Vasocontriction

15/06/2018

Function of the circulatory system

1). helps to fight against disease.
2). helps to maintain a normal body temperature.
3). To provides the chemical balance.
4). To provide the body’s homeostasis.
5). State of balance among all its systems.

Major components

The circulatory system consists of four major components:-
1). The Heart :-
i) Heart normal size is about Fist (two adult hands held together).
ii) heart lies near the center of the chest
(mediasterm).
iii) Heart to pumping blood consistently.
iv) heart work the circulatory system at all times.
2). Arteries:- Arteries carry components oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and where it needs to go.
3).Hint: to remember A for “artery” and A for “away” both begin with the letter A.) "Blood away from Heart in Arteries" )
4).Veins : Veins carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where they receive oxygen.
5).Blood : Blood is the transport media of nearly everything within the body.
i). It transports hormones,
ii). nutrients,
iii). oxygen,
iv) antibodies,
v) other important things needed to keep the body healthy.
Oxygen enters the blood stream through tiny membranes in the lungs that absorboxygen
=>. as it is inhaled.
=>. As the body uses the oxygen and processes nutrients,
=> it creates carbon dioxide, which your lungs expel as you exhale.
=>. A similar process occurs with the digestive system
=>. To transport nutrients, hormones in the endocrine system.
=>. These hormones are taken from where they are produced to the organs they affect.
The circulatory system works:-
i). it works to constant pressure from the heart and valves throughout the body.
ii). This pressure ensures that veins carry blood to the heart
iii). arteries transport it away from the heart.
Three types of circulation :-
There are three different types of circulation that occur regularly in the body:
1) Pulmonary circulation : That carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart.
2). Systemic circulation : that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and to other parts of the body.
3). Coronary circulation : This circulation provides the heart with oxygenated blood so it can function properly.