Umer diagnostic laboratory bijbehara

28/05/2024

18/06/2023

HOW MUCH WATER WOMEN SHOULD DRINK PER DAY?


The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) recommend that women get about 2.7 liters (11 cups) of fluid per day. This includes water from all sources, such as beverages, food, and even the air we breathe.

However, the actual amount of water you need each day will vary depending on your individual factors, such as your activity level, the climate you live in, and your overall health.

Here are some general guidelines for how much water you should drink per day:

* If you are sedentary, you should aim to drink about 2 liters (8 cups) of water per day.

* If you are moderately active, you should aim to drink about 2.5 liters (10 cups) of water per day.

* If you are very active, you should aim to drink about 3 liters (12 cups) of water per day.

It is also important to spread your water intake throughout the day. Aim to drink a glass of water every 2-3 hours, or even more often if you are feeling thirsty. This will help you stay hydrated and prevent dehydration.

Here are some tips for staying hydrated:

1) Carry a water bottle with you throughout the day.

2) Drink water before, during, and after exercise.

3) Eat fruits and vegetables that are high in water content, such as watermelon, cucumbers, and celery.

Avoid caffeinated beverages, as they can dehydrate you.

If you are concerned about your fluid intake, talk to your doctor. They can help you determine how much water you need each day based on your individual factors

16/06/2023

DAWN PHENOMENON:
a natural rise in blood sugar levels in the early morning hours, often experienced by individuals with diabetes, due to hormonal changes and insulin resistance.

13/03/2023

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY..
Serum HCG values in ectopic pregnancy or often significantly lower than those observed in normal uterine pregnancy. after 4 to 8 weeks of ectopic gestation the serum HCG values range from 20-20000 mIu/ ml. by using specific monochonal antibody it is possible to measure the beta chain sub unit of HCG . if serum specimen are collected at an intervals over 48 hour period ,a normal pregnancy will show as 66% rise in beta hcg,where as in ectopic pregnancy the rise will be less than 30%....

09/03/2023

WORLD
Environmental & Dietary Factors for Kidney Stone Formation.
1.Low Urine volumes,Low Fluid intake,High ambient Temperatures.
2.Diet...High Protein,High Sodium,Low Calcium
3.High Sodium Excretion
4.High Oxalate Excretion
5.High Urate Excretion
6.High Citrate Excretion.
TAKE CARE OF YOUR KIDNEYS

08/03/2023

INSULIN-MEAL MISMATCH:
if the insulin dose is not properly matched to the amount of food eaten, blood sugar levels can either drop too low (hypoglycemia) or rise too high (hyperglycemia).

25/02/2023

A single high TSH level alone is not enough to diagnose hypothyroidism, as there are several other factors that can affect TSH levels, such as stress, illness, and certain medications.

20/02/2023

INDICATORS OF INSULIN RESISTANCE


signs and risk factors that may indicate the presence of insulin resistance:

1) Abdominal obesity: Excess weight around the waist, also known as central obesity, is a major risk factor for insulin resistance.

2) Family history: A family history of type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome is a strong risk factor for insulin resistance.

3) High blood pressure: Hypertension is a common complication of insulin resistance and can be an early sign of the condition.

4) Acanthosis nigricans: A skin condition characterized by dark, thickened patches of skin on the neck, armpits, or groin area, which can be a sign of insulin resistance.

5) Polycystic o***y syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder that can cause insulin resistance and lead to menstrual irregularities, fertility problems, and other health issues.

6) Sleep apnea: Insulin resistance and sleep apnea are closely linked, and both conditions can worsen each other.

While these clinical signs and risk factors may raise suspicion for insulin resistance, a definitive diagnosis requires laboratory tests such as fasting glucose and insulin levels (and calculating an index called HOMA-IR), oral glucose tolerance tests, or HbA1c levels.

16/02/2023

venous plasma by are than glucose levels by ?

plasma glucose levels measured in a laboratory typically reflect the average glucose concentration in the blood over the preceding few hours, while capillary glucose levels measured by a glucometer reflect the glucose concentration in the blood at the time of measurement.
Additionally, the measurement methods themselves can differ in accuracy and precision, leading to some variability in the results.
Finally, factors such as differences in sample handling, patient factors (e.g. hematocrit), and technical factors can also contribute to differences in glucose levels measured by these two methods.

of capillary glucose measurement by glucometer:
1. Convenience: Glucometers are portable and easy to use, allowing patients to check their blood glucose levels at home or on-the-go.
2. Speed: Results are typically available within seconds, which can be important for patients who need to quickly respond to changes in their glucose levels.
3. Frequency: Patients can check their glucose levels as frequently as needed, which can help to identify trends and adjust treatment plans accordingly.
4. Cost: While the cost of glucometers and test strips can add up over time, it is generally less expensive than frequent laboratory tests.

of capillary glucose measurement by glucometer:
1. Accuracy: Glucometer readings can be affected by a number of factors, including the quality of the device and test strips, user error, and environmental conditions. As a result, readings may not be as accurate as laboratory tests.
2. Variability: Even when used correctly, glucometer readings can vary from test to test and from one device to another. This variability can make it difficult to rely on glucometer readings for precise diabetes management.
3. Invasiveness: Patients must prick their finger to obtain a blood sample, which can be painful and may discourage some patients from using the device as frequently as needed.
4. Limitations: Glucometers can only measure glucose levels in capillary blood, which may not always reflect glucose levels in other parts of the body (e.g., arterial blood or interstitial fluid).

14/12/2022

WHAT IS A URINARY TRACT INFECTION OR UTI?

Normal urine contains no bacteria (germs). Sometimes, however, bacteria from outside the body get into the urinary tract, and cause infection and inflammation. This is a urinary tract infection. The infection can involve the urethra (a condition called urethritis), kidneys (a condition called pyelonephritis) or bladder, (a condition called cystitis). Cystitis is the most common type of urinary tract infection.

12/12/2022