Renovate Biologicals Pvt Ltd.

20/09/2016

All over the India including North-east states. Not found in Islands. Also found in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Venom Type: Neurotoxic
Family: Elapidae

Characteristics for identification:

Shiny Black body with Milky White bands (paired or unpaired). Vertebral scales are Hexagonal in shape. On closer view they can be observed clearly. Subcaudal scales are undivided. (See also Common Wolf Snake, Lycodon aulicus http://www.indiansnakes.org/content/common-wolf-snake)

Description:

New born - 25-27cm.
Average length- 90-120cm.
Maximum length- 165cm.

Dorsa -

Body slender with shiny smooth scales of black color range. Dorsal body jet black or black mixed with brown, grey, purple ting. Presence of milky white bands (paired or unpaired) on the dorsal body is the main visible feature of Common Krait. These bands starts from posterior of neck (most of the neck region looks patternless) scale in the form of elongated white patch on the back scale (along vertebra) and expands as true band on moving towards the mid-body. Specimens without bands also recorded from many parts of its range. The vertebral scales hexagonal in shape as in all Krait species and this is a definite identification feature of this snake and genus.

Ventral -
Belly milky white in juveniles and sub-adults while may turn yellowish-white in fully grown adults. Reddish, brown or bluish ting present on the edge of ventral scales which extends up to first few dorsal scales. Sub caudal scale color similar to rest of belly and unpaired which is also a main characteristic of Bungarus (Krait) genus and not found in any other Elapid of India.

Head
Head depressed with rounded snout; slightly broader than the neck. Upper lip brownish or yellowish and preocular scale often bear yellowish-white patch. Small eyes appears entirely black. Tongue colour light red or pinkish.

Tail -
Prehensile, shorter and ends with pointed tip. Typical white bands are present and more prominent than those found in forebody.
Scalation

Head:
7 supralabials; 3rd & 4th in contact with eyes; 1 preocular touches posterior nasal hence loreal absent; 2 postocular; temporals 1+2.

Dorsal:
Smooth scales in 15 rows throughout. 8th scale which is on the top of the dorsal body along the vertebra is larger than adjacent dorsal scales and of hexagonal shape.

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About Snake Venom!!

Snake venom is a highly complex cocktail of proteins, peptides, non protein toxins, carbohydrates, lipids, amines and other molecules. The chemical composition of venom varies at all taxonomic levels. Further, composition can vary considerably between snakes in different geographical locations and individuals within those populations. The composition is also subject to change based on diet, age, season and environment. The widely differing manifestations of snake bite could be attributed to complexity of venom to some extent.

The snake venom mainly contains proteins (>90%, dry weight). There are more than hundred different proteins in each venom; with elapid and viperid venoms constituting 25-70% and 80-90% of enzymes respectively. Some non-enzymatic polypeptide toxins and non-toxic proteins are also present

The snake venoms are mainly characterized as neurotoxic and hemotoxic. The neurotoxic venoms act at molecular level, by disrupting the neuromuscular junctions, limiting muscle activity while hemotoxic venoms cause tissue destruction in body systems besides their effect on circulatory system.

The venom enzymes include hydrolases, hyaluronidase, kininogenase. Other enzymes include phosphomono-and diesterases, 5’-nucleotidase, DNAase, NAD-nucleosidase, l-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A2(PLA2), peptidases and zinc metalloproteinase hemorrhagins. Blood clotting may be stimulated by serine proteases and other pro-coagulant enzymes present in some Elapid and Viperid venoms. Certain venoms contain toxins (Russell’s viper) that activate factors V, X, IX and XIII, fibrinolysis, protein C, platelet aggregation,anticoagulation and hemorrhage.

Widespread damage to mitochondria, red blood cells, leucocytes, platelets, peripheral nerve endings, skeletal muscle, vascular endothelium, and other membranes is caused due to phospholipase A2, the most widespread enzyme present in the venom. Hyaluronidase aids in venom dissemination from the bite site through tissues.

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Precautions After Snake bite!

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Precautions from Snake bite!

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Precautions After Snake bite!!

• Stay calm.

• Treat for shock.

• Drive to nearest hospital or medical facility.

• Do not attempt to kill or capture the snake. It gives the snake another opportunity to bite.

• Do not use a tourniquet. If tied too tight, it may cause the loss of a limb.

• Do not make cuts through or near the site of the bite.

• Do not try to suck venom from the site of the bite. You might have a tooth cavity or gum sore and this would place venom into that wound.

• Do not allow anyone, including a physician, to administer antivenin to you UNLESS you have FIRST been tested to determine whether or not you are allergic to antivenin.

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