MedBridge Cambodia

MedBridge Cambodia I create content about being a Medical Student, including the fun, and the stresses, I leave none of that out lol :) Oh, also, I like Mens Streetwear.

Antidotes Medication.
08/11/2025

Antidotes Medication.

Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. It’s a common c...
23/10/2025

Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)
A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. It’s a common complication of early pregnancy.

🩸 Types of Miscarriage
1. Threatened miscarriage – vaginal bleeding occurs, but the cervix is closed and the pregnancy may continue.
2. Inevitable miscarriage – bleeding with cervical dilation; miscarriage cannot be prevented.
3. Incomplete miscarriage – some fetal or placental tissue remains in the uterus.
4. Complete miscarriage – all pregnancy tissue is expelled; uterus is empty.
5. Missed miscarriage – fetus has died, but there is no bleeding or expulsion yet.
6. Septic miscarriage – miscarriage complicated by infection.

🩸Common Causes
• Chromosomal abnormalities (most common in early miscarriages)
• Hormonal problems (e.g., low progesterone)
• Infections (TORCH, urinary, pelvic infections)
• Chronic diseases (uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid disease, hypertension)
• Uterine abnormalities (fibroids, septum)
• Lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, drugs, stress)
• Trauma or exposure to toxins/radiation

🩸Symptoms
• Vaginal bleeding or spotting
• Abdominal cramps or back pain
• Passage of tissue or clots
• Decreased pregnancy symptoms (like breast tenderness or nausea)

🩸Diagnosis
• Pelvic examination (to check if cervix is open or closed)
• Ultrasound (to check fetal heartbeat and tissue)
• hCG blood test (falling levels indicate miscarriage)

🩸Management
• Threatened: Bed rest, avoid in*******se, observe, sometimes progesterone support.
• Incomplete: Misoprostol (to expel remaining tissue) or D&C (dilation and curettage) if heavy bleeding.
• Missed: Misoprostol or surgical evacuation.
• Septic: IV antibiotics + evacuation of uterus.

🩸Aftercare & Emotional Support
• Monitor for infection or excessive bleeding.
• Rest and hydration.
• Counseling and emotional support — grief after miscarriage is normal.
• Wait 1–3 menstrual cycles before trying to conceive again (as advised by doctor).

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)🧐🩺👇Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the jo...
21/10/2025

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)🧐🩺👇
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation of the synovial membrane leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and deformity.

🛑Pathophysiology
• The immune system attacks the synovium (lining of joints).
• This causes chronic inflammation, leading to:
• Synovial thickening (pannus formation)
• Cartilage destruction
• Bone erosion and joint deformity
• It can also affect other organs (heart, lungs, skin, eyes, blood vessels).

🛑Signs and Symptoms
Joint-related:
• Symmetrical joint pain and swelling (usually small joints: hands, wrists, feet)
• Morning stiffness lasting >30 minutes
• Warm, tender joints
• Limited range of motion
• Deformities (swan neck, boutonnière, ulnar deviation)
Systemic symptoms:
• Fatigue, fever, malaise
• Weight loss
• Rheumatoid nodules (firm lumps under skin near joints)

🛑Diagnosis
1. Laboratory Tests
• ↑ Rheumatoid factor (RF)
• ↑ Anti-CCP antibodies (highly specific)
• ↑ ESR and CRP (indicate inflammation)
• Mild anemia (anemia of chronic disease)
2. Imaging
• X-ray: joint space narrowing, bone erosion
• Ultrasound or MRI: early joint inflammation

🛑Treatment
Goals: reduce inflammation, relieve pain, prevent joint damage
1. Medications
• NSAIDs: relieve pain and stiffness (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)
• Corticosteroids: short-term control of inflammation (e.g., prednisone)
• DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs): slow disease progression
• Methotrexate (first-line)
• Sulfasalazine
• Leflunomide
• Hydroxychloroquine
• Biologic Agents: target immune system components
• Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab (anti-TNF agents)
• Tocilizumab, Rituximab (other biologics)
2. Non-Pharmacological
• Physical therapy and gentle exercise
• Heat/cold application
• Joint protection (splints, assistive devices)
• Balanced diet (anti-inflammatory foods, omega-3)
• Smoking cessation
3. Surgical Management
• Joint replacement (arthroplasty) in severe cases
• Synovectomy (removal of inflamed synovium)

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