MRI and CT Radiology

29/09/2026

GBCAs in MRI

20/09/2026

15/09/2026

14/09/2026

🧠 BRACHIAL PLEXUS MRI – ANATOMY & RADIOLOGY

Brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves supplying the upper limb. Understanding its MRI anatomy is essential for accurate diagnosis and reporting.

🔹 Roots: C5–T1
🔹 Trunks:
• Upper – C5–C6
• Middle – C7
• Lower – C8–T1

🔹 Divisions: Anterior & Posterior
🔹 Cords: Lateral, Posterior & Medial
🔹 Major terminal branches: Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median & Ulnar nerves.

📌 Clinical importance of Brachial Plexus MRI:
• Traumatic nerve injuries
• Brachial plexopathy
• Nerve sheath tumors
• Neoplastic involvement
• Thoracic outlet-related pathology
• Pre-operative assessment

💡 Radiology Tip:
Always trace the plexus systematically from Roots → Trunks → Divisions → Cords → Branches.

📚 Learn the anatomy. Recognize the pathology. Improve the diagnosis.

❤️ Follow Veere Radiology for more radiology & medical imaging learning content.

01/09/2026

Thesis statement
Pelvic spiral computed tomography during pregnancy delivers radiation doses at or below the estimated threshold for congenital malformations, resulting in no measurably increased risk of fetal teratogenesis.
I. Susceptibility window and radiation risks
A. Organogenesis between 2 and 15 weeks gestation represents the primary period of fetal vulnerability.
B. Exposure during critical weeks can cause severe developmental conditions like microcephaly, growth retardation, and cataracts.
C. Teratogenic risks are extremely unlikely before 2 weeks or after 15 weeks of gestation.
II. Deterministic thresholds and exposure levels
A. Teratogenesis operates as a non-stochastic effect requiring a threshold dose before damage occurs.
B. The estimated threshold for fetal malformation ranges between 5 and 15 rad.
C. Pelvic spiral computed tomography typical doses range from 2.4 to 4.6 rad across pregnancy.
III. Clinical outcomes and safety profiles
A. Modern scanning parameters keep fetal exposure below the estimated safety boundary.
B. Human clinical data shows no measurable increase in congenital malformations following in utero irradiation.

31/08/2026

CCTA ANATOMY
│
┌───────┴───────┐
↓ ↓
HEART/AORTA ECG CYCLE
│ │
↓ ↓
CORONARY ORIGINS → MOTION
│
┌──────┼──────┐
↓ ↓ ↓
RCA LAD LCx
│ │ │
↓ ↓ ↓
Branches Branches Branches
│ │ │
└──────┼──────┘
↓
DOMINANCE
↓
17-SEGMENT MODEL
↓
MPR / CPR / MIP / VR
↓
NORMAL ANATOMY
↓
ANOMALIES
↓
PLAQUE / STENOSIS
↓
IMAGE QUALITY QA

27/08/2026

Renal artery by chasing CTA .

23/08/2026

The exact availability and behavior of prospective/retrospective modes should be confirmed against the specific NeuViz software/release installed in your department.
17. Very Important for Your Technologist Manual
Don't confuse these three concepts:
ECG-gating
How the CT acquisition/reconstruction is synchronized with the ECG.
Prospective gating
Acquire only during selected cardiac phases.
Retrospective gating
Acquire continuously while recording ECG, then reconstruct selected phases afterward.
18. Quick Memory Trick 🧠
PROSPECTIVE = PREDICT
Predict the phase → scan
RETROSPECTIVE = REVIEW
Scan → review ECG/cardiac phases → choose the best phase
19. CCTA Technologist Exam Question
Question
A patient has stable sinus rhythm and a low, controlled heart rate. Radiation dose reduction is a priority. Which acquisition is generally preferred?
A. Retrospective ECG-gated acquisition
B. Prospective ECG-triggered acquisition
C. Non-gated CT
D. Delayed CT
Answer: B — Prospective ECG-triggered acquisition
Reason: It can acquire data during a selected portion of the cardiac cycle, substantially reducing radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic coronary imaging when the patient's rhythm and heart rate are suitable.
⭐️ One-page takeaway
PROSPECTIVE
RETROSPECTIVE
Predict → Scan
Scan → Review
Short exposure
Continuous/longer acquisition
Lower dose
Higher dose traditionally
Stable HR preferred
More flexible for variable rhythm
Limited phases
Multiple phases
Excellent for routine stable CCTA
Useful when phase selection/functional assessment is important
The most important principle:
Choose the acquisition mode based on the patient's heart rate, rhythm, clinical question, scanner capability, expected image quality, and radiation dose—not simply because one mode is universally "better."

16/08/2026

MRI liver as a detailed “health check camera” for the liver. It is especially useful when ultrasound or CT finds something that needs to be characterized, or when there is a concern for a liver lesion, fatty liver, fibrosis/cirrhosis, or liver cancer.

MRI uses a strong magnetic field + radio waves to produce detailed images of the liver without X-rays.

It can show:

* Liver structure and anatomy
* Liver lesions/tumors
* Cysts
* Hemangioma
* Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH)
* Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
* Metastases
* Fat in the liver
* Iron deposition
* Biliary abnormalities
* Some features of fibrosis/cirrhosis

MRI is particularly powerful because we don’t look at the liver with only one type of image. We combine different sequences and, when appropriate, contrast phases.

⸻

🧑‍⚕️ Who might need a Liver MRI?

1. Patient with a suspected liver lesion

For example:

Ultrasound → finds a 2-cm lesion → MRI

MRI can help determine:

“What is this lesion?”

rather than simply:

“There is a lesion.”

⸻

2. Patient with known liver disease

For example:

* Chronic liver disease
* Cirrhosis
* Hepatitis history
* Previous liver tumor

MRI may be used to look for small or new lesions.

⸻

3. Patient with suspected liver cancer

MRI can evaluate:

* Number of lesions
* Size
* Location
* Enhancement pattern
* Relationship to blood vessels
* Biliary involvement
* Features suggesting HCC

⸻

4. Patient with suspected fatty liver

MRI can provide quantitative information about:

Fat → Iron → Tissue characteristics

depending on the sequences and software available.

⸻

🛏️ What happens during the MRI?

The process is actually quite simple for the patient.

Step 1 — Preparation

The patient changes into MRI-safe clothing and removes metal objects.

Depending on the protocol, the patient may need to fast for several hours, particularly when contrast or a dedicated liver protocol is planned.

The technologist checks:

* MRI safety screening
* Implants/devices
* Previous surgery
* Kidney function when required for contrast
* Allergy/previous contrast reaction history
* Clinical indication

15/08/2026