OC Medical Centre & X-ray services

20/05/2018

KIDNEY STONES
Kidney stones also known as renal lithiasis or nephrolithiasis are hard deposits formed in the kidney which are made of minerals and salts. Kidney stones often can affect any part of the urinary tract from the kidneys to the bladder. These stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.
CAN KIDNEY STONES BE PASSED OUT LIKE STOOL?
Yes, kidney stones can be passed out like stool. However, passing kidney stones can be quite painful. Nevertheless these stones may or may not cause permanent damage to the system. For kidney stones to be passed, medications sometimes are neccessary, moreso lots of water intake is adviced. Only in rare cases can the presence of a kidney stone require surgery especially if the stones are lodged in the urinary tract causing obstruction.

Can kidney stones occur again after being treated and can kidney stones move?
Yes, kidney stones can occur again if precautions are not taken .
And Yes, kidney stones move, they shift location and during this stage the pain caused is increased.

SYMPTOMS
A kidney stone may not cause symptoms until it moves around within your kidney or passes into your ureter — the tube connecting the kidney and bladder. The symptoms include;
1. Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs
2. Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
3.Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
4. Pain on urination
5. Pink, red or brown urine
6. Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
7. Nausea and vomiting
8. Persistent need to urinate
9. Urinating more often than usual
10. Fever and chills if an infection is present
11. Urinating small amounts

How soon should I seee my doctor if I have these symptoms ?
Run to the clinic if you feel pain accompanied with nausea and vomiting, fever or chills, blood in your urine, difficulty or pain during urination, side pain.

What causes Kidney stones?
There are factors that may increase the risk of having kidney stones. These risk factors includes, family or genetic history, digestive problems, some medications, improper fluid intake and improper food intake.

Types of kidney stones
Most causes are dependant on the type of kidney stones involved , these types includes
1. Calcium stones.
This is basically caused by dietary factors and formation of oxylate by the liver. These stones may also occur in form of calcium phosphate especially in metabolic conditions.
2. Struvite stones: Struvite stones form in response to an infection, such as a urinary tract infection. These stones can grow quickly and become quite large, sometimes with few symptoms or little warning.
3.Uric acid stones. Uric acid stones can form in people who don't drink enough fluids or who lose too much fluid, those who eat a high-protein diet, and those who have gout.
5. Cystine stones. These stones form in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids (cystinuria).

HOW TO DETECT KIDNEY STONES
1. Blood testing.
2. Imaging. Imaging tests may show kidney stones in your urinary tract. Options range from simple abdominal X-rays, which can miss small kidney stones, to high-speed or dual energy computerized tomography (CT) that may reveal even tiny stones.
3.Other imaging options include an ultrasound, a noninvasive test, and intravenous urography, which involves injecting dye into an arm vein and taking X-rays (intravenous pyelogram) or obtaining CT images (CT urogram) as the dye travels through your kidneys and bladder.

In case of small kidney stones, one need not worry cause it can be dissolved or passed out easily if there is plenty intake of water.
Large kidney stones could cause severe pain. Sound waves can be used to break this type of stones which is all dependant on the size and location.
In these cases, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is done and involves strong vibrations from sound waves to break the stone.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the surgical method involved in removing large kidney stones.

PREVENTION: How can I prevent kidney stones?
1.Drink water throughout the day. For people with a history of kidney stones, it is usually recommended to drink about 2.5litres of water daily.
2. Eat fewer junks, choose a diet low in salt and animal protein.

09/05/2018

DIABETES

Diabetes also called diabetes mellitus is a disease in which blood glucose or blood sugar levels are too high. Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into the cells to give them energy.
There are 2 main types of diabetes; Type 1 diabetes where the body does not make insulin and Type 2 diabetes, the most common type of diabetes, which involves the body not being able to make or use insulin (insulin pushes glucose into cells from the blood)
Prediabetes is a situation where blood sugar is higher than normal but not equal to being called diabetes. Diabetes can cause eye, kidney and nerves damage. It can also cause heart disease, stroke and may cause amputation of a part of the body especially when an injury is involved.
Diabetes occurs both in young , old and pregnant women (gestational diabetes )
Type 1 diabetes is not common. Let's take a look at the most common type which is type 2 diabetes:

What is type 2 diabetes?
In this type, the body is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin nor has the capability to use insulin, resulting in high blood sugar level. It is also called insulin resistance.

Who is at risk for type 2 diabetes?
People who are at risk of getting diabetes are people who have a family history of diabetes, smoking, obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
Other factors include:
1.Being age 45 or older
2.Having high blood pressure
3. Having a low level of HDL (good) cholesterol or a high level of triglycerides
4.A history of diabetes in pregnancy
5.Having given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more
6.A history of heart disease or stroke
7.Having depression
8.Having polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

How can I prevent or delay getting diabetes?
Prevention of diabetes is quite simple to follow. Nevertheless negligence has played a huge part on how we live and take care of our health.
1. Living a healthy lifestyle
2. Weight loss
3. Weight control is an important part of diabetes prevention. Following a healthy eating plan. Your diet should include smaller portions and less fat and sugar. You should also eat a variety of foods from each food group, including plenty of whole grains, fruits and vegetables. It's also a good idea to limit red meat and avoid processed meats.
4. Get regular exercise. Try to do at least 30 minutes exercise daily, no matter how little.
5. Don't smoke. Smoking can contribute to insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. If you already smoke, try to quit.
6. Do a routine check of your blood sugar level especially if you have a history of diabetes in your family.

Management of Diabetes
For type 1 diabetes, insulin is given to substitute for the inability for the pancreas to make insulin.
For type 2 diabetes, any or a combination of the different types of drugs used, can be given.
Do not self medicate or seek treatment from an unqualified medical professional.
In our next post, we would look into diabetes in pregnant women and children.

Are you having symptoms of diabetes? See your doctor immediately!

27/04/2018

GLAUCOMA - THE FACTS
The eye is one of the most sensitive organ in the body. Like the normal saying, when the eyes are dead, darknes evolves around the brain. Glaucoma is an eye condition that damages the eye and optic nerve. It worsens over time and it is mostly caused as a result of pressure being built around the eye .
1. Glaucoma can be inherited and manifests mostly in the later phase of life.

2. Glaucoma is basically caused by increased intraoccular pressure on the optic nerve thereby causing a failure in transmission of images to the brain.

3. Glaucoma begins when the aqueous humour builds up with the reason or cause for this, still unknown.

4. Other causes of glaucoma may include injury to the eye, severe eye infection, blocked blood vessels and inflammatory conditions in the eye.

5. There are basically two types of glaucoma; Wide or Open angle glaucoma and Closed angle glaucoma.

6. Glaucoma is common in adults from 40 years and above. However, it doesn't exclude the fact that infants may suffer from glaucoma including young adults.

7. Glaucoma is common in African-Americans, Irish, Russian, Japanese, Hispanic and Schandinavian descent.

8.Risk factors of glaucoma include Family history, diabetes, use of steriod medications and truama to the eye.

9. The basic symptoms of glaucoma include loss of peripheral or side vision.

10. People often refer to glaucoma as "sneak thief of vision" because it manifests late irrespective of when it began.

11. Glaucoma worsens if neglected. It is adviced that everyone does a routine check up on the eye at least twice a year whether or not you have an injury, trauma or feel any pain.

12. Eye pain, headache, blurred vision or the appearance of halos of light, vision loss, redness in the eyes, haziness, nausea or vomitting and narrowed vision are futher symptoms of Glaucoma.

13. Glaucoma is diagnosed by the use of eye drops before vision test and a test called tonometry is carried out to test the eye presure. In most cases a visual field test may also be carried out

14. In worse cases of glaucoma, laser surgery, trabeculoplasty, iridotomy and cyclophotocoagulation or microsurgery is carried out. However, in less severe cases, eye drops are used .

15. Open-angle glaucoma is most often treated with various combinations of eye drops, laser trabeculoplasty, and microsurgery.

16. Infant or conge***al glaucoma is basically treated with surgery.

The care of the eye is often neglected in this part of the world, you mostly hear a Nigerian say ''leave the eye I will manage it''.
It is adviced that once you have any symptoms of eye problems or defect, kindly run to the clinic and see your doctor immediately.
Do not manage it! Early diagnosis leads to prompt treatment with better outcomes.

15/04/2018

INFERTILITY IN WOMEN
As we treated in the last article what infertility in men was, let's talk about infertility in women. In its simplest form, infertility to a woman means the inability to conceive or bear children. Infertility in women doesn't only include the inability to be pregnant but also includes the inability to stay pregnant.

Let's take a look at what pregnancy is at a glance!
Pregnancy is the ability of a woman to conceive after mating with a man, excluding any birth control agent. For pregnancy to occur, an egg released from the o***y is fertilized by a s***m, then implanted into the uterus and nurtured till birth occurs.
About 6-9 of 10 women are likely to have infertility problems making it a common problem in women worldwide.
CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN WOMEN
- One common cause of infertility in women is ovulation issues such as anovulation (lack of ovulation). Without ovulation occurring there would be no egg to fertilize. Most women who have irregularities with their menstrual cycles also have difficulties in knowing their stipulated time of ovulation.

-Ovulation problems oftentimes are caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) which interferes with hormones and causes ovulation problems. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is also a cause of ovulation problems and refers to the non-functionality of a woman's o***y before the age of 40. However, POI is not the same as menopause.

-Blocked fallopian tubes are also a cause of infertility in women and occur secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or ectopic pregnancy surgery.

-Uterine fibroids; as earlier said in the article fibroids, it has not been proven that fibroids could cause infertility however some schools of thought believe that a woman who has fibroid can have difficulties in conceiving.

-Age
A woman close to the end of her reproductive years has lower chances of becoming pregnant because the rate at which the ovaries release an egg would be low, she is more prone to health conditions that may lead to infertility, she is more likely to have miscarriages and the number of eggs present in the ovaries would have depreciated .

-Habits like smoking, excess alcohol intake, stress, poor diet, being overweight and underweight, and vigorous athletic practices can cause infertility too.

- Sexually transmitted diseases( STD): A number of STDs especially bacterial infections cause infertility.

Any woman who has tried and failed to conceive for one year should kindly visit her doctor ASAP.
Every woman should talk freely to her doctor if she notices she has irregular periods, no menstrual periods, pain during menstrual periods, pelvic pain or a woman who has experienced multiple miscarriages.

Diagnosis of infertility in women:
A physical examination is first carried out, and the ovulation period of the woman is then calculated; let's divert a little on how to track your ovulation as a woman:
1. Writing down changes in her morning body temperature for several months
2. Writing down how her cervical mucus looks for several months
3. Using a home ovulation test kit.
4. Doing an ultrasound of the ovaries

After the physical examination has been carried out, there are a few fertility tests that may be carried out, these includes
- Hysterosalpingography: This is an x-ray of the uterus and fallopian tube which reveals blockage that may be causing infertility
- Laparoscopy : A minor surgery to see inside the abdomen, the doctor uses the mirror to see the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

TREATMENT of infertility in women:
Infertility can be treated with medicine, surgery, artificial insemination, or assisted reproductive technology. Infertility in women is treated based on test results, how long the woman has been trying to conceive, the overall health of both partners, and sexual problems.
However, it is advised that women trying to conceive should learn patience as a virtue.

Medical Diagnostic Imaging Center in Owerri

09/04/2018

INFERTILITY IN MEN
Infertility in its simple definition means 'not reproductive or fertile'. When we talk about male infertility, it simply refers to the inability of a man to impregenate a fertile female. It is not so common affecting about 7% of men worldwide. However, it is a serious concern for those affected.
FACTORS THAT MAY CAUSE MALE INFERTILITY
1. Immune related infertility
Antis***m antibodies are one major cause of infertility in men (ASA). ASA affects the s***m's motility and its movement in the female reproductive tract thereby not allowing pregnancy to occur.
2. Testicular factors
This may occur if there is a low s***m count or poor quality of s***m content.
3. Varicocele
This is a condition where there are swollen testicular veins, which are present in about 15% of normal men and about 40% of infertile men.
4. Age
As men grow older, the formation and functionality of s***m deteriorates.
5. Genectic defects
6.Klinefelter Syndrome
7. Idiopathic failure
8. Trauma
9. Hydrocele
10. Testicular cancer
11. Acrosomal defects affecting egg pe*******on
12. Idiopathic oligos***mia
13. Pre- and Post-testicular causes
14. Obesity
15.Drugs, alcohol, exercise and to***co smoking
16. Strenous exercise
17. Medications including chemotherapy, anabolic steriods, cimetidine, spirinolacton
18. Impotence

Post-testicular factors decrease male fertility due to conditions that affect the male ge***al system after testicular s***m production and include defects of the ge***al tract as well as problems in ej*******on, Vas deferens obstruction, Infection, e.g. prostatitis, Retrograde ej*******on, Ejaculatory duct obstruction, Hypospadias

DIAGNOSIS OF INFERTILIY IN MEN
Most infertility diagnoses begins with medical history and physical examination, semen alnalysis and ultrasonography.
- S***m sample
Semen analysis is carried to know the aproximate number of total s***m cells, s***m motility and percentage of s***m with normal morphology
- Blood sample
A blood sample can reveal genetic causes of infertility, e.g. Klinefelter syndrome, a Y chromosome microdeletion, or cystic fibrosis.
-Ultrasonography
Ultrasound detects signs of testicular dysgenesis and testicular lesions. Scrotal and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) are useful in detecting uni- or bilateral conge***al absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD). TRUS plays a key role in assessing azoos***mia caused by obstruction, and detecting distal CBAVD or anomalies related to obstruction of the ejaculatory duct, such as abnormalities within the duct itself, a median cyst of the prostate (indicating a need for cyst aspiration), or an impairment of the seminal vesicles to become enlarged or emptied.

PREVENTION
As it is always said, prevention is better than cure. Infertility in men can be prevented with the following measures.
* Avoid excess heat to the te**es
* Wear a protective cup and jockstral to protect the testicles during sports activities
* Have good balanced Diet
* Avoid smoking and excess alcohol

TREATMENT
Treatment for Infertility varies amongst individuals due to varies aetiology and also the degree of impairment. When treating infertility in men the females are also considered. Testicular-based male infertility tends to be resistant to medication. Usual approaches include using the s***m for intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or IVF with intracytoplasmatic s***m injection (ICSI). With IVF-ICSI even with a few s***m, pregnancies can be achieved. Obstructive causes of post-testicular infertility can be overcome with either surgery or IVF-ICSI. Ejaculatory factors may be treatable by medication, or by IUI therapy or IVF.
- Using vitamin E
- Administration of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
- Low concentration of estrogen and testosterone combination therapy

MA********ON AND INFERTILITY IN MEN.
There is a super duper myth that says maturbation affects s***matozoa production and its quality. Frequent male ma********on doesn't play a major role in infertility, research has proven that men who have normal s***m quality maintain normal s***m motility and concentrations even with daily ej*******on.

03/04/2018

PEPTIC ULCER
Having stomach pains may cause an alarm because most pains are linked to infection or habits that tend to derail our health. A lot of people live with peptic ulcer either because of poor feeding habit or stress. Although peptic ulcer is diagnosed in seven out of ten persons, most don't know how it developes or what causes it.

Overveiw of Ulcer
Peptic ulcer is a sore that forms when stomach acids eat away at the inside lining of the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus), the stomach itself or the top part of the small intestine. The digestive tract has a layer of mucous that protects it from acids, but if this layer is worn-out or if there is too much acid, an ulcer can develop.

Causes of peptic ulcer
Malnutrition causes peptic ulcer. However stress worsens symptoms of ulcers but do not cause ulcer per se. Ninety percent are caused by either helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] infection or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory [NSAID]. NSAIDs could take a week to cause an ulcer.

Symptoms
An ulcer may or may not cause symptoms. Pain can occur from the belly button to the breastbone (sternum), and may feel worse at night and with prolonged fasting. More severe symptoms include unexplained weight loss; nausea; vomiting blood or dark material; dark blood in the stool; or black, tarry stool.

Diagnosis
1. Diagnosis of peptic ulcer is basically with history and on examination by your doctor. Pain +/- tenderness along the breastbone or below the breastbone region (epigastrium).
2. X-rays with a white powdery substance (Barium study), can also be used to determine the presence of ulcer.
3. Endoscope can also be used which involves using a flexible tube equipped with a light and tiny camera at its tip, is inserted down the throat to see inside the esophagus and stomach as well as biospy.
4. A blood test maybe be requested to check for H.pylori bacteria

Complications of peptic ulcer
Ulcers may cause internal bleeding and untreated ulcers can lead to a painful and life-threatening abdominal infection

Treatment
Antibiotics are used, medications called cytoprotective agents, antacids, H-2 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors.
Self medications is a risky. Thus, if you have pain in any part of your stomach region , it is best to see your doctor immediately.

Prevention of peptic ulcer
1. Have a healthy eating habit; take break fast early and avoid late dinner
2. Reduce the intake of NSAIDS
3. Avoid alcohol and to***co products
4. Don’t ignore any kind of pain in the abdomen or breast bone region.
5. Protect yourself from infections by washing hands regularly and consuming foods that have been cooked thoroughly

Myths about peptic ulcer
1. Ulcers are caused by stress and anxiety eating you up inside.
2. Spicy foods burn holes in your stomach.
3. To heal ulcers, eat only white foods (milk, potatoes, rice).
4. Ulcers happen only in your stomach.
5. There's no cure. You just have to live with ulcers.

28/03/2018

Secondhand Smoke!

When I saw this headline, I imagined how many people have heard or at least tried to know what secondhand smoking is! It sounded like a new concept just added to the literature, though it isn't new. Nonetheless, let's take a look at secondhand smoking .

What is secondhand smoke?
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also called environmental to***co smoke (ETS). It is a mixture of 2 forms of smoke that come from burning to***co: one involves the mainstream smoke - smoke exhaled by the smoker and the second one is the side stream smoke - smoke from the lit end of the cigarette: it contains higher concentration of cancer causing agents.

Am I safe being exposed to Secondhand smoke?
For the nonsmoker, inhaled secondhand smoke contains equivalent amount of harmful chemicals inhaled by the smoker and thus, there is no safe level of exposure for secondhand smoking. The smoke contains about 7,000 chemicals including at least 70% cancer containing substances. This is a reason why some people who haven't puffed a cigarette, can still suffer from lung cancer. Secondhand smoke can cause cancer, other diseases and could lead to death.

Effects of secondhand smoking.
Secondhand smoke is harmful to the health because it can affect the heart and blood vessels, thus, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke in non-smokers. It can also lead to emotional and mental changes.

Children and secondhand smoking.
Children are increasingly affected by the act of secondhand smoking due to their vulnerability, lack of independence or free will. Children who experience secondhand smoking a lot are affected in the following ways:
1. They fall ill often
2. They experience bronchitis and pneumonia
3. They have shortness of breath
4. They get ear infections
5. If the child is Asthmatic, it could trigger an asthmatic attack
6. In very young children it can lead to death

Where can I get exposed to secondhand smoking?
Ironically secondhand smoking can't be avoided entirely as one may be exposed to secondhand smoke in the environment especially in countries without specific laws on smoking in both adolescents and adult.
However , secondhand smoking can be prevented by protecting non-smokers and also encouraging smokers to smoke less, or even quit. Avoid places where smoking is allowed as a non smoker.

What about lingering smoking odors?
There’s no research in the medical literature as of yet showing that lingering to***co smoke odors or residuals from it cause cancer in people. Research has shown that particles from secondhand to***co smoke can settle in dust and on surfaces and remain there long after the smoke is gone. Researchers often call this thirdhand smoke (THS) or residual to***co smoke. Research has also shown that thirdhand smoke can damage human DNA in cell cultures and impact blood clotting in lab animals. In cases of thirdhand smoke, immediate ventilation of the premises is recommended.

Since smokers know the negative health effects of cigarette smoking and still tread its path, nonsmokers must play an active role to avoid being secondhand smokers.

Lets protect our children and ourselves from inadvertent exposure to secondhand smoke!!

17/03/2018

Fibriods
Fibriods are also known as uterine myomas. They are firm compact tumours that are made of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue that develop in the uterus. Fibriods are more common in the reproductive group of women of child bearing age.

Causes of fibriod
Nothing has been pinpointed to be the cause of fibriod. However it is said that most tumours develop from an aberrant muscle cell in the uterus which multiplies rapidly because of estrogen influence. Nevertheless genetic abnormalities could also be a causative factor.

Symptoms
Most fibriod symptoms are similar to normal menstrual pain or a urinary tract infection and they differ in individuals, however fibriod symptoms includes :
1. Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods
2. Abnormal bleeding between menstrual periods
3. Pelvic pain
4. Frequent urination
5. Low back pain
6. Pain during sexual in*******se
7. A firm mass often located near the middle of the pelvis which can be felt by the doctor.

Diagnosis of Fibriod
Most fibriods are often detected during a routine pelvic examination by the presence of a firm, irregular pelvic mass around the abdomen. However for effective diagnosis, diagnostic procedures are used and these include;
1. Pelvic x-ray
2 Transvaginal/Pelvic ultrasound also known as ultrasonography
3. Magnetic resonance imaging
4. Hysterosalpingography
5. Hysteroscopy

Treatment
Some fibroids may shrink over time while others may increase in size or remain the same. However, treatment options may include;
1. Hysterectomy
2. Conservative surgical therapy
3. Using antihormonal agents
4. Uterine artery embolization

Myths about fibriod
1. If a woman has fibroids, she must seek medical attention to treat them.
Women who have fibroids but do not have any symptoms do not need treatment, an exception to this is if the fibroid(s) have been determined to be responsible for recurrent miscarriage or preventing her from becoming pregnant.
2. If a woman has fibroids, they will eventually turn into cancer.
Fibroids are benign, non-cancerous tumors. Risk of malignant change is < 0.5%.
3. If a woman is suffering with fibroids and has either finished having children or not interested in having children, her uterus is no longer important to her.
4. Uterine fibroids grow forever.
5. Having an urgency of urination / constipation / other symptoms, is not a confirmation of fibriod.
6. Removing fibroids surgically will cause problems during pregnancy.

07/03/2018

THE KIDNEYS

The kidneys filter the blood, remove wastes, control the body's fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. They are a pair of bean-shaped organs located on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. The entire blood volume passes through the kidneys to be filtered, during which waste products are removed, salt, water and minerals are balanced.

The kidneys are also involved in the production of vitamin D and erythropoietin - a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. The kidney has plenty tiny filters, known as nephrons.



Important message;

HOW TO CARE FOR THE KIDNEYS - here are some simple ways;

1. Stay hydrated.

2. Eat healthy meals.

3. Watch your blood pressure. ...

4. Don't smoke or drink too much alcohol. ...

5. Avoid obesity to help your kidneys.

6. Do a kidney function test as part of a medical check up.

7. Control your blood sugar level where indicated

8. Avoid self prescribed drugs and exercise caution in using herbal drugs.

9. Avoid excessive salt intake.

10. Exercise



Negligence in taking care of the kidneys can cause the following kidney conditions.

1. Pyelonephritis: when bacteria infects the kidney, causing back pain and fever. Spread of bacteria from an untreated urinary bladder infection is the most common cause of pyelonephritis.

2. Glomerulonephritis: This is caused by an overactive immune system causing inflammation and damage in the kidney. Presence of blood or /and protein in the urine are common precipitants.

3. Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis): when minerals in urine form crystals also known as stones, which may grow large enough to block urine flow. It is one of the most painful experience one can have. Most kidney stones pass on their own, but some are too large and need to be removed.

4. Nephrotic syndrome: Damage to the kidneys causing low blood protein with leg swelling.

5.Acute renal failure (kidney failure): A sudden short term worsening in how well your kidneys work. Dehydration or kidney damage can result in acute renal failure.

6. Chronic renal failure: A permanent partial loss of how well your kidneys work. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes.

7.End-stage renal disease (ESRD): Complete loss of kidney function, usually due to progressive chronic kidney disease. People with ESRD require regular dialysis for survival.

8. Diabetic/ Hypertensive nephropathy: High blood sugar / High blood pressure can progressively damage the kidneys, eventually causing chronic kidney disease.

9.Kidney cancer: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer affecting the kidney. Smoking is the most common cause of kidney cancer.

10. Renal cyst: A hollowed-out space in the kidney. Isolated kidney cysts often happen as people age, and they almost never cause a problem. Complex cysts and masses can be cancerous.



The kidneys work hard, day in and day out. Taking good care of them is like saying thank you for a job well done over the years. Appreciate your kidneys by living healthy.