Estylite Medical Clinic

29/07/2025

Mononucleosis

This is known as a “contagious infection caused by a herpes virus called Epstein-Barr.

Other viruses can also cause mono. The infection is common among teenagers and young adults.

The symptoms of Mononucleosis:

Symptoms/Effects:
* ⁠fever
* ⁠sore throat
* ⁠swollen lymph nodes
* ⁠ fatigue
* ⁠enlarged spleen
* ⁠enlarged liver
* ⁠swollen lymph node
*Experiencing extreme fatigue
*body aches.

The causes of mononucleosis:

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

This is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can also cause this disease 🦠

Ways of Transmission of Mononucleosis:

This virus is spread through saliva, and you may catch it from kissing or from sharing food or drinks.

The Risk factors of Mononucleosis:

“Mononucleosis”

This can also result in less common complications:

* Anemia

This is known as decrease in red blood cells and in hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein in red blood cells.

* Thrombocytopenia

This is known as a low count of platelets, which are blood cells involved in clotting.

Other risk factors are:

The main risk factors are:

* Post-transplant primary infection
* ⁠Previous splenectomy
* ⁠Second transplant
* ⁠Patient age
* ⁠Acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)
* ⁠Some other co-infections:

‘Due to cytomegalovirus or other viruses’

* Regimen and intensity of immunosuppression therapy.

The prevention of Mononucleosis:

* avoid close contact with infected individuals

“Especially by not kissing them or sharing personal items” like:

* utensils, cups
* toothbrushes etc.

The Diagnosis:

a.) Physical exam

* In this case, the doctor may suspect mononucleosis based on your signs and symptoms
* ⁠how long they've lasted, and a physical exam.
* ⁠The doctor will look for signs such as:

“swollen lymph nodes, tonsils, liver or spleen”

b.) Blood tests

I.) Antibody tests”

If there's a need for additional confirmation.

ii.) monospot test may be done to check your blood for antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus.

NB: This screening test gives results within a day.

iii.) White blood cell count.

“The doctor may use other blood tests to look for an elevated number of white blood cells (lymphocytes) or abnormal-looking lymphocytes”

NB: These blood tests won't confirm mononucleosis, but they may help the doctor to actually suggest the possibility of the disease condition.

Treatment of Mononucleosis:

* Rest
* ⁠hydration
* ⁠over-the-counter pain relievers
* ⁠⁠⁠Pain relief (Acetaminophen drugs)
* ⁠sore throat relief
* ⁠Avoid Strenuous Activity
* ⁠Corticosteroids
* ⁠Avoid antibiotics etc.

19/06/2025

Diphtheria

This is an infection that occurs in the nose and throat. It causes difficulty in breathing because it covers the throat’s back. It is a very severe infection.

~ It affects the skin by looking like a red scraped area in the persons neck.

What are the symptoms?

~ Sore throat
~ Fever
~ swollen lymph node
~ Weakness etc.

Causes of Diphtheria?

Strains of bacteria called “Corynebacterium diphtheriae” that makes a toxin. It makes people to feel so ill.

The organs affected by Diphtheria:

~Nose
~ Throat.

NB:The bacteria 🦠 infection invades the these two organs.

How is Diphtheria transmitted?

It is transmitted by droplets 💧

~ Firstly, noticed! The Transmission was via sexual transmitted from a patient with “non gonococcal urethritis” after orogenital contact, which means “an infection not caused by sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea”.

How deadly is Diphtheria?

~ Death rate is higher in children from the age of 5 and adult of age 40.

~Though most people recover from it or it’s complications.

What are the risk factors of Diphtheria?

~ Crowded environment. Remember, it is transmitted via droplets 💧

~ Dirty or unclean environment.

~ poor hygiene/ poor personal hygiene.

How can Diphtheria be treated?

Use of antibiotics like:

~ Penicillin

~ Erythromycin

~ Antitoxin - It helps to counterpart the diphtheria toxins in the body

Does it have cure?

~ It can be treated with medications enlisted above via the doctor prescription.

NB: If not treated, it can lead to death because it blocks one’s air ways causing severe difficulty in breathing.

~ Vaccines used are: DTaP, Tdap, DT and TD etc.

03/06/2025

Dyspnea

This is commonly known as “Shortness of Breath”

Or

A subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing.

NB: It can be either a mild or severe sensation in the breathing of the person.

The symptoms:

* An effort or work of breathing may occur.
* Experiencing chest tightness
* Having a feeling of air hunger
* Rapid breathing (Tachycardia)
* Rapid heart rate (Heart palpitations)
* Dizziness
* Unable or inability to lie down,
* Sweating (Unusually)
* Be in a state of Confusion
* Cyanosis (Blushing of the skin or lips (low oxygen level)
* Coughing
* Wheezing.

The Causes:

* Pneumonia
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- COPD
* Asthma
* Others respiratory infections like bronchitis etc.

The Effects:

* Limitations in daily activities:

“One may have difficulty in performing routine tasks and activities”

* Reduced exercise tolerance:

“Persons with with dyspnea have difficulty engaging in physical activity”

* Heightened mortality risks:

“Dyspnea can be a significant predictor of mortality”

* Impact on quality of life:

It negatively affect a person's overall well-being and quality of life.

* Psychological effects:

It’s associated with anxiety and other psychological distress.

The Risk factors:

* Lung conditions like:

COPD, Asthma, lung cancer and Interstitial Lung Disease.

* Heart conditions like:

Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Embolism

* Environmental factors

Smoking, Air pollution, Allergies and anxiety.

The Complications:

* Social isolation

* Anxiety and Depression:

* Reduced Physical Function

* Pulmonary Disease

* Heart failure

* Neuromuscular Disease

* An increased risk of Death.

Test and Diagnosis:

* Electrocardiograms

* Spirometry tests

“This test is use to measure the airflow and the patient’s lung capacity.

Also, it helps to pinpoint the type and the extent of an individual’s breathing problems”.

* Computerized tomography scans known as “CT scans”

* X-ray scans

“Use to evaluate the health of the person’s heart & lungs”

Treatment:

* A person short of breath due to overexertion will probably get their breath back once they stop and relax.

* A person with COPD may be ask to breath easily “exercising it.

The medications given:

* Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

* Antibiotics.

03/06/2025

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19/05/2025

19/05/2025

゚viralシ






“Dysphagia” ✍🏻

19/05/2025

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゚viralシ

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