What are the opening hours?

Monday 09:00 - 17:00 Tuesday 09:00 - 17:00 Wednesday 09:00 - 17:00 Thursday 09:00 - 17:00 Saturday 09:00 - 17:00 Sunday 09:00 - 17:00

Doctor of Pharmacy, Rahim Yar Khan, Karachi (2026)

03/06/2026

Important MCQs for Pharmacists.
(Knowledge refreshing dose)

Sterilization MCQs
https://www.pharmainform.com/2022/12/basic-sterilization-concepts.html

HVAC Mixing MCQs
https://www.pharmainform.com/2022/06/hvac-and-mixing-mcqs.html

CPR MCQs
https://www.pharmainform.com/2021/09/naplex-gpat-ppsc-cpr-pharmacy-exam.html

Excipients MCQs
https://www.pharmainform.com/2021/06/pharmaceutical-excipients-knowledge.html

Important MCQs
https://www.pharmainform.com/2021/03/50-important-mcqsall-test-preparationppscimprove-skills.html

02/06/2026

Product Reconciliation In Pharmaceutical Industries
Product reconciliation is a process which is used to calculate and monitor the line loss or yield of a product which is under manufacturing.
Calculation of yield or line loss is monitored during every stage of manufacturing to ensure that yield or line loss is within the recommended range. All pharmaceutical industries have an SOP which defines the final yield of a pharmaceutical product after packaging.
What is the yield?
Yield is usually measured in percentage and it is the ratio of product quantity before manufacturing and product quantity after manufacturing or ratio of the theoretical quantity of the product to the practical quantity of the product and its formula is as follow,
Yield =Quantity of product after manufacturing÷Quantity of the product before manufacturing×100

or

Yield =Actual Quantity ÷ Theoretical Quantity ×100

Example
In the pharmaceutical industry, a batch of tablets was manufactured having 50 kg standard batch size after dispensing and 49.0 kg after coating.
Calculate the yield of the product.
By using above formula add values in it as follow
yield=50÷49.0×100=98.0%
So yield of the product is 98.0%.
What is line loss?
Line Loss is the measure of material loss during each manufacturing stage. Line loss may occur starting from dispensing stage to the end of finish product dispatch.
Line loss is measured by the following formula,

Line loss = Quantity of product before manufacturing - Quantity of product after manufacturing

Example
In the pharmaceutical industry, a batch of tablets was manufactured having 60 kg standard batch size after dispensing and 59.5 kg after coating.
Calculate the line loss of product.
By using above formula add values in it as
Line Loss=60-59.5=0.500 kg
Line loss of the product is 0.500 kg.
Reasons for Line loss
Line loss may occur due to the following reasons and in following stages.
Dispensing
During dispensing some powder materials may swipe with return air due to the dusty environment.
Some materials may adhere to the scopes during dispensing.
Some materials may adhere to the polythene bags.
By any leakage or spillage.
Dispensing is a common procedure before starting of all dosage forms but manufacturing stages vary depending upon the type of dosage form here we will take the example of tablet dosage form to discuss yield and line loss.
Granulation
During granulation, line loss may occur due to the following main reasons

Some materials may adhere to the polythene bags when they are removed from polythene bags.
Material loss During sieving due to the dusty environment.
During mixing and kneading some material sticks to the walls...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2020/12/product-reconciliation-in-pharmaceutical-industries.html

02/06/2026

Punch Pe*******on In The Compression Machine
Punch Pe*******on is also known as upper punch pe*******on, and it is defined as the measurement of how far the upper punch moves in the die cavity to compress powder into a tablet.
It can also be defined as how deeply the upper punch moves in the die bore during pre-compression and main compression to compress the tablet.
Upper punch pe*******on determines the position where the tablet will be compressed in the die bore.
The concept of upper punch pe*******on is used to control the tablet hardness, and it helps to prevent defects like capping and lamination by dealing with entrapped air.

Types of Machines
Some compression machines are available with fixed settings of upper punch pe*******on, meaning we don't have the option to increase or decrease the punch pe*******on, and many machines have the option to adjust punch pe*******on manually or from the HMI. The machines having options to alter the punch pe*******on are of good choice because all product properties are not the same & we can utilise the punch pe*******on options to adjust the tablet hardness or to prevent the tablet capping & lamination.

Role of upper punch pe*******on
The control of upper punch pe*******on is helpful for following
Overcome tablet capping...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2025/11/punch-pe*******on-in-the-compression-machine.html

02/06/2026

Double Cone Blender
Double cone blender is one of the most commonly used blenders in pharmaceutical industries.How many of you are familiar with the reason for which it is known as double cone blender?

Why Double Cone?
If you carefully observe this equipment it has two cones & one cylindrical body.Two cones are welded to the cylindrical body that is why it is known as double cone.
One cone is fitted on the upper portion of the cylindrical body & the second cone is attached to the lower portion of the cylindrical body.

Purpose Of Double Cone Blender
Double cone blender is used for mixing of solid materials like powders or granules.
Double Cone Blender is used to get a solid to solid homogeneous mixture.

Material Of Construction
The double cone blender is constructed with the stainless steel grade 316L.

Components Of Double Cone Blender
Following are main components of double cone blender
Mixing Body
Charging Aperture
Butterfly Valve
Supporting Frame
Motor & Gearbox
Mixing Body
Mixing Body consist of two cones & one cylindrical body.It is the main component of equipment...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2024/03/double-cone-blender.html

01/06/2026

SFM | Solid Flow Monitor | BBD
Solid flow monitor, also known as BBD or broken bag detector, is a type of sensor that is installed in the return duct of a fluid bed dryer, fluid bed processor, or fluid bed equipment.
In this article, we will discuss the following,

What Is BBD or SFM?
How does SFM or BBD work?
Functions Of Solid Flow Monitor?
Advantages Of SFM?
How Is the Challenge Test for BBD Performed?
Frequency Of Challenge Test?

What Is BBD or SFM?
A sensor which is installed in the Exhaust duct of FBD, FBP, or FBE is known as SFM or solid flow monitor, or solid flow meter.
BBD is the other name of the same sensing probe which is a Broken Bag Detector.
Filter sense is also another name which is used for same detection system.

Working Principle Of SFM
BBD or SFM works on a very basic principle of detection, where it sends signals to the system, to ring the alarm & shut down the dryer whenever solid particles flow is detected in the return air duct of the fluid bed dryer.

Functions Of Solid Flow Monitor
The installation of BBD of SFM in the fluid bed dryer is of great importance because its function is to detect the flow of solid material due to damage to fluid bed dryer filters or due to any pinhole present in the filters of fluid bed dryer, fluid bed processor or fluid bed equipment.
On detecting the flow of solid particles this sensor shut down the dryer with an alarm indication on HMI.

Explanation
As we know that a fluid bed dryer works on the principle of fluidization, where our product is lifted, come down & again lifted until the required level of LOD is not achieved.
The product is retained inside the drying chamber with the help of filters which allow air to pass & retain powered materials inside.
In normal conditions, the retention of product is ensured by the filters but if there is any damage to the filters, or there is a pinhole in any of the filter's pockets,it will allow powders to go outside along with exhaust air.
It is a very alarming condition because product loss will occur, to prevent....

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2023/04/sfm-solid-flow-monitor-bbd.html

01/06/2026

Differential Pressure

Differential pressure plays an important role in pharmaceutical industries to protect & maintain the status of cleanrooms.

In this article we will learn the following main points.

What is the Differential Pressure?
Importance Of Differential pressure.
How is the differential pressure measured?
WHO Standard For Differential Pressure?
Types of Pressure?
Precautions For Differential Pressure?

What is the Differential pressure
The difference of atmospheric pressure between one area to an adjacent area is known as differential pressure.
In simple words, the difference of the pressure between the manufacturing area and the adjacent area, which may be the corridor or airlock, is known as differential pressure.

Importance Of Differential Pressure
Differential pressure is a critical parameter in pharmaceutical industries which must be maintained and checked in cleanrooms as it has a great impact on contamination control.

Differential pressure prevents contamination.
Differential pressure helps to prevent cross contamination.
Differential pressure helps to maintain the status of a cleanroom.
Differential pressure is...

Read the complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2022/06/door-interlocking-in-pharmaceutical-industries.html

01/06/2026

Dispensing is one of the most important and critical activities which is performed in pharmaceutical industries.
The importance of dispensing can be understood by the fact that dispensing is the first process which is carried out in pharmaceutical industries.

What is Dispensing in Pharma
The dispensing process is also known as weighing and as the name indicates dispensing or weighing is the activity or process where weighing of all the ingredients of a formulation is performed.

Explanation
Dispensing is the process in which we weigh all the excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients according to the manufacturing order or dispensing order.The dispensing order is also known as process order.

Pre Requisite For Dispensing
To start a dispensing process following are the prerequisite,

Process Order
Released Material
Dispensing Area
Line Clearance
Standard Procedure
Trained Staff

Process Order
Manufacturing order or process Order is issued by the planning department for a specific product.
it includes the list of all the excipients and APIs which are going to be added in a batch formulation.
For the dispensing process an approved process order must be available to the...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2023/12/dispensing-process-in-pharma.html

31/05/2026

*Why Compression Machines Have Odd Number Of Punches Or Stations*

Compression machines are used in pharmaceutical industries to compress powders or granules to form Tablets.
It is a common observation that mainly Compression Machines have an odd number of punches or odd number of Stations.

Example
If you are working in the pharma industry or you have every chance to visit the pharma Industry you must notice that following numbers of station in a compression machine are present,

17
19
33
35
37

So a common question comes to mind: why do odd numbers of punches are used & why don't we use even numbers of Stations or Punches?
In this article, we will try to remove this confusion but first of all, you have to understand the types of compression machines because the answer to the above questions is directly linked to the type of compression machine.

Types Of Compression Machines
The rotary compression machines are of two types which are given below,

Single Feed Rotary Compression Machine
Double Feed Rotary Compression Machine

Single Feed Rotary Compression Machine
In a single-feed rotary compression machine,one tablet is produced by each punch when the turret revolves & completes its one round.
Single-feed rotary compression machines have one set...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2023/04/why-compression-machines-have-odd-number-of-punches-or-stations.html

31/05/2026

Challenge Test For Blister Machines
Blister machines are used in pharmaceutical industries to blister tablets or capsules. In routine practices, we challenge our blister machines to ensure that high-quality & defect-free products are blistered.
Advance-type blister machines are installed with an inspection camera system which ensures product quality & defective blisters are rejected.
Note
In the blister machine challenge test, we are challenging our inspection system installed on the machine to check whether it is working properly or not.
Types Of Challenge Test
Various types of challenge tests are performed for inspection cameras of blister machines but in this article, we will discuss the most common tests which are considered basic & are performed in the majority of the pharmaceutical industries.

Empty Pocket Challenge Test
Empty Blister Challenge Test
Broken Tablet Challenge Test
Empty Pocket Challenge Test
In the empty pocket challenge test, we challenge the inspection system of the blister machine to check whether it is working properly or not to remove empty pocket blisters.
How To Perform
We deliberately left one pocket of blister empty to perform an empty pocket challenge test. As a thumb rule, the blister having an empty pocket must be rejected which means that challenge test is passed & inspection camera is working properly.
Empty Blister Challenge Test
As the name indicates this test is performed to check what happens if an empty blister is detected.
How To Perform
We intentionally left one blister empty during feeding, meaning...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2023/10/challenge-test-for-blister-machines.html

31/05/2026

Tablet Capping
Tablet capping is a common problem which is observed during the compression of tablets in pharmaceutical industries.
Definition
Removal of crown edges of the tablet is called capping.
Removal of the edges of the tablet from the main part of the tablet is called capping.
Reasons for Capping
Tablet capping is a defect and there are many reasons for this defect. Capping may occur because of the following main reasons,
Formulation Related Problems
Machine Related Problems
Formulation Related Problems
Following formulation, related problems may cause Capping,
Amount of Binder
Moisture Content
Grain Size
%age of Fine
Lubricant

1.Amount of Binder
Binder is added in a tablet formulation to hold the granules and give strength to granules. Binder gives strength to tablets and prevents breakage. Binder amount may also result in capping.
Reason
Low level of binder addition during granulation.
Solution
Add more binder to the formulation.
2.Moisture content
The optimum level of moisture should be present in granules for strong bounding.
Low moisture content results in less binding of granules during compression and may result in capping.
Reason
Over drying of granules results in low moisture contents.
Solutions
Moisten the granules.
3.Granules size
If granules size is large and % age of granules is very high and fine is very low capping may occur.
Reason
Lower sieve number( #10, #12)used for sieving of granules after drying results in large size granules.
More granules...

Read complete article in the following
https://www.pharmainform.com/2020/11/tablet-capping-problem-and-solution.html

Doctor of Pharmacy

03/06/2026

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02/06/2026

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31/05/2026

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Monday	09:00 - 17:00
Tuesday	09:00 - 17:00
Wednesday	09:00 - 17:00
Thursday	09:00 - 17:00
Saturday	09:00 - 17:00
Sunday	09:00 - 17:00