15/06/2026
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF EIGHT SOCIAL EMOTIONS
Human emotional life extends far beyond the classical basic emotions. Social emotions emerge through interaction with others, shaping relationships, moral judgment, group dynamics, and personal identity. In The Periodic Table of Eight Social Emotions, Professor Freitas-Magalhães and Sandro Pereira present a pioneering framework that organizes eight fundamental social emotions according to their facial expression, neuropsychological foundations, adaptive function, and psychosocial significance.
The model includes Envy, Forgiveness, Grief, Guilt, Hate, Jealousy, Pride, and Shame, each represented by a distinct neurofacial profile and a specific configuration of facial Action Units. These emotions are not merely subjective experiences; they are biologically rooted processes involving the coordinated activity of the brain, the face, and social cognition.
Inspired by the logic of the periodic table in chemistry, this innovative system classifies social emotions according to shared properties, functional roles, and expressive characteristics. The result is a scientific map that allows researchers, clinicians, educators, and artificial intelligence developers to better understand how social emotions are generated, communicated, and interpreted.
The model highlights that emotions such as guilt and shame contribute to social regulation and moral behavior, while pride reinforces achievement and self-worth. Forgiveness promotes reconciliation and social cohesion, whereas envy and jealousy reflect complex mechanisms related to competition, status, and attachment. Grief represents the emotional response to loss, and hate emerges as one of the most powerful forms of social rejection and antagonism.
A central contribution of this work is the demonstration that social emotions possess identifiable facial signatures, allowing them to be systematically studied through facial coding systems such as the F-M FACS. This perspective strengthens the connection between neuroscience, psychology, facial expression research, and human behavior.