06/06/2023
Wu-wei
It was inevitable that my senior student - a TCM Doctor - would eventually ask me about Wu-wei; the most complicated and greatest virtue in Daoism.
The concept of Wu-wei or acting in Wu-wei is based on the Dao, and specifically the practice of taking no action that is not in accord with the natural course of the Dao (Universe).
Chinese thinkers of the period (475–221 BCE) envisioned a dynamic universe that was constantly being generated. According to the Daoists, the entirety of the cosmos unfolds spontaneously (ziran) through the incessant fluctuations of the Way (Dao). All things in the universe—including all human beings—have in accord with this cosmic Way, their own natural course.
For Daoists, Wu-wei is a fairly simple concept. It involves acting without desire, where desire is understood as the force that causes people and things to behave unnaturally. To act naturally, in accord with the Dao is Wu-wei.
The best-known use of the term Wu-wei is found in the Dao De Jing, a philosophical and spiritual text written about 300 BCE, attributed to Lao Tzu and featuring naturalistic and quasi-mystical overtones.
Specifically, the Dao De Jing suggests that, when the Dao itself acts, it acts in accordance with Wu-wei: “The Way never acts yet nothing is left undone” (###VII). This notion is further explored in conjunction with an account of the creation of the world:
The myriad creatures rise from it [the Dao], yet it claims no authority;
It gives them life yet claims no possession;
It benefits them yet exacts no gratitude;
It accomplishes its task yet lays claim to no merit.
It is because it lays claim to no merit that merit never deserts it. (II cf. X)
So, while Wu-wei is a virtue of the Dao, the Dao itself - when it acts - acts in accordance with Wu-wei.
..Ting Ling, an accomplished Warrior was polishing his sword before battle. A young child came up to him, brandishing a wooden sword, hacking and thrashing at invisible enemies.
He stood before Ting Ling, leaning on his wooden sword and said, "I will be a great Warrior like you one day."
Ting Ling smiled and looked up at the child. "Child when you first go into battle as a soldier you will be terrified. You will fear for your life and you will hack and thrust at anything and everything that comes near you. If you do not lose your life, you will surely lose your sword in that first battle."
"After a few battles, you will be less afraid and you will not fight like a madman worried that he will die any moment. You will see much death on the battlefield; your comrades and your enemies, and you will start to accept your fear. You will leave the battlefield with your sword in hand."
"You may still fight out of a sense of honour, or vengence for your fallen brothers, or your destroyed village. You will identify your fighting with your human feelings and desires. Your sword will last you several battles before you need a new one from the blacksmith."
"After many battles you will become a Warrior and once you have released your fears and human desires, you will fight with clarity: you will strike only when needed; parry when required and you will take no pleasure in slaying another. You will accept your fear completely and fight in accordance with your experience of the Dao, doing only what is necessary, when it is necessary. Your movements will be swift, precise, merciful even. You will act without human desire. You will act appropriately, in accord with the moment."
Ting Ling stood and showed the child his sword." I have not been to the Blacksmith for 10 years."
To act in Wu-wei is to act aligned with the Dao. The Dao does not judge, Humans do. When a person forces their desires onto the Dao, they act unnaturally, out of alignment and their actions will fail.