08/12/2026
Student Question: What are underlying causes of seizures?
Seizures happen when sudden, abnormal electrical activity disrupts the brain.
Neurological and Structural Causes
Epilepsy: A chronic brain condition causing repeated, unprovoked seizures.
Stroke: Damage or blood clots that leave brain scars.
Head Trauma: Severe concussions or physical brain injuries.
Brain Tumors: Growths that disrupt normal brain cell activity.
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Conditions like Alzheimer's disease.
Systemic and Metabolic Causes
Electrolyte Imbalances: Dangerously low blood sodium, calcium, or magnesium.
Blood Sugar Fluctuations: Severe low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), often related to diabetes.
Organ Failure: Toxic buildup in the body due to severe kidney or liver failure.
High Fever: Particularly febrile seizures in young children.
Infections and Substances
Brain Infections: Conditions like meningitis or encephalitis.
Substance Withdrawal: Stopping heavy alcohol or long-term sedative use.
Toxic Exposures: Overdoses or reactions to certain prescription drugs and illicit substances.
What to do:
Let the person seize.
Do not hold them down.
Do not place anything in their mouth.
Move sharp objects away and place a pillow under their head to protect them from injuries.
When to Call 911:
The seizure lasts more than five minutes.
A second seizure starts before the person wakes up from the first.
The person has trouble breathing or turning blue.
The seizure happens in water.
The person gets hurt during the seizure.
It is the person's first seizure or differs from their usual pattern.
The person is pregnant or has diabetes.
The person does not wake up or return to normal after movements stop.
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